Innovation shortfalls

There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an"innovation shortfall,"usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (R&D) when compared with some high innovation countries. The usual reaction to this perceived problem is to call for increases in R&D investment rates, usually specifying a target that can be as high as 3 percent of GDP. The problem with this analysis is that it fails to see that a low R&D investment rate may be appropriate given the economy's pattern of specialization, or may be just one manifestation of more general problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. How can we know when a country suffers from an innovation shortfall above and beyond the ones that should be expected given the country's specialization and accumulation patterns? This is the question the authors tackle in this paper. First, they show a simple way to estimate the R&D gap that can be explained by a country's specialization pattern, illustrating it for the case of Chile. For this country they find that although its specialization in natural-resource-intensive sectors explains part of its R&D gap, a significant shortfall remains. Second, the authors show how a calibrated model can be used to determine the R&D gap that should be expected given a country's investment in physical and human capital. If the actual R&D gap is above this expected gap, then one can say that the country suffers from a true innovation shortfall.Investment and Investment Climate,Economic Theory&Research,Trade and Regional Integration,Research and Development,Economic Growth

PH 501 Philosophy of Christian Religion

Course Description: The Philosophical exploration of the classical issues of religious thought, such as the existence and reality of God, the problem of evil, religious experience, and religious pluralism, and ethics.https://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/3293/thumbnail.jp

The Adjustment Bureau (2011)

This is a film review of The Adjustment Bureau (2011)

Love and Friendship in Toy Story 3

This is a review of Toy Story 3 (2010)

Symbolic Centers in the Background Or Units at the Forefront of Change? Race Specific Cultural Centers and Student Support Programs and Their Potential Impact on Students of Color

This study examined the potential impact race specific cultural centers and student support programs (CCSSPs) have on the leadership development of students of color. Data from the Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership was used to answer two primary questions. The two primary questions focused on the potential impact of CCSSPs on leadership outcomes and the rates of participation in high-impact leadership practices. The analytic approach utilized “effect size” methodology while also conducting sample t-tests to compare means between CCSSP users and non-users and chi-square analysis for relationships between dependent categorical variables. No findings emerged for leadership outcomes for the sample as a whole. Meaningful differences in the rates of participation in sociocultural conversations, faculty and staff mentoring, identity-based student organizations and multicultural Greek-letter organizations were found for CCSSP users in the aggregate. The same analyses were conducted after disaggregating the data by race and numerous unique differences for all three racial groups of color who utilized CCSSPs were discovered with leadership outcomes and high-impact leadership practices. This study sets the foundation for future leadership studies that focus on college students of color. It also provides the context for analyzing centers charged with assisting a growing student population of color. The findings of this study highlight the importance of disaggregating data by race for more meaningful and concise information that can help inform appropriate practices for student affairs professionals

Rear Admiral William D. Rodriguez, USN, Retired, Biography

Biography of Rear Admiral William D. Rodriguez, USN, Retired

Former intercollegiate athletes\u27 perspectives on career choice: a qualitative study of motivations and challenges in the coaching career path

This is a descriptive study using a qualitative method. It concerns the experiences of former collegiate athletes who chose a career in coaching. Interviews explored (a) motivation of career choice and satisfaction, (b) career challenges, (c) other career areas they explored. This is valuable information for collegiate athletes facing career-related decisions. Many athletic departments do not overtly discuss career options for athletes because of an assumption that doing so diminishes the focus on the current athlete\u27s ambition to make a career of the chosen sport. Yet many athletes will not continue into professional sports, and for those who do, sport careers do not last as long as most careers, due to aging out. Those who choose coaching as a career may find useful career guidance in this research. Coaches should make an effort to discuss with athletes the importance of visiting career counseling or in other ways exploring career options, because even for those who do go into professional sports, the duration of a peak competitive performance in such a career is limited

Nitrate uptake across biomes and the influence of elemental stoichiometry: A new look at LINX II

Considering recent increases in anthropogenic N loading, it is essential to identify the controls on N removal and retention in aquatic ecosystems because the fate of N has consequences for water quality in streams and downstream ecosystems. Biological uptake of nitrate (NO3−) is a major pathway by which N is removed from these ecosystems. Here we used data from the second Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment (LINX II) in a multivariate analysis to identify the primary drivers of variation in NO3− uptake velocity among biomes. Across 69 study watersheds in North America, dissolved organic carbon:NO3− ratios and photosynthetically active radiation were identified as the two most important predictor variables in explaining NO3− uptake velocity. However, within a specific biome the predictor variables of NO3− uptake velocity varied and included various physical, chemical, and biological attributes. Our analysis demonstrates the broad control of elemental stoichiometry on NO3− uptake velocity as well as the importance of biome-specific predictors. Understanding this spatial variation has important implications for biome-specific watershed management and the downstream export of NO3−, as well as for development of spatially explicit global models that describe N dynamics in streams and rivers

Survey of Inter-satellite Communication for Small Satellite Systems: Physical Layer to Network Layer View

Small satellite systems enable whole new class of missions for navigation, communications, remote sensing and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. As individual spacecraft are limited by the size, mass and power constraints, mass-produced small satellites in large constellations or clusters could be useful in many science missions such as gravity mapping, tracking of forest fires, finding water resources, etc. Constellation of satellites provide improved spatial and temporal resolution of the target. Small satellite constellations contribute innovative applications by replacing a single asset with several very capable spacecraft which opens the door to new applications. With increasing levels of autonomy, there will be a need for remote communication networks to enable communication between spacecraft. These space based networks will need to configure and maintain dynamic routes, manage intermediate nodes, and reconfigure themselves to achieve mission objectives. Hence, inter-satellite communication is a key aspect when satellites fly in formation. In this paper, we present the various researches being conducted in the small satellite community for implementing inter-satellite communications based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This paper also reviews the various design parameters applicable to the first three layers of the OSI model, i.e., physical, data link and network layer. Based on the survey, we also present a comprehensive list of design parameters useful for achieving inter-satellite communications for multiple small satellite missions. Specific topics include proposed solutions for some of the challenges faced by small satellite systems, enabling operations using a network of small satellites, and some examples of small satellite missions involving formation flying aspects.Comment: 51 pages, 21 Figures, 11 Tables, accepted in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorial

Insect Activity and Its Relationship to Decay Rates of Human Cadavers in East Tennessee

The purpose of this study was to collect data on the specific insects which are found in association with decaying human cadavers. Four nude unembalmed human cadavers were each placed, at various times of the year, within a decay research facility located in an open wooded area. Data were collected daily throughout the entire decay cycle on the various insect populations which frequented each cadaver. Analysis of the data shows that there is a direct correlation between the rate of decay and the activity of carrion insect families found in association with a decaying cadaver. Application of this entomological and decompositional information can contribute to a more accurate estimation of time since death of an individual