Some implications of group dynamics for the public relations field

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, 1949. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

A Biogeographic Study of Amphibians in Tennessee

Range maps and descriptive, taxonomic, and habitat information are provided for 20 species of frogs and 41 species of salamanders. The environmental setting of Tennessee is described in terms of geology, physiography, climate, drainages, soils, vegetation, and ecoregions. For the purposes of the analyses, a grid cell pattern containing 122 sampling units is used, and the amphibian fauna is organized into three faunal groups. These groups are frog species, salamander species, and all species grouped together as amphibians. The results of a G-test for the frequency distribution of range limits fitted to a Poisson distribution suggest a clumped dispersion pattern for each faunal group. Using the coefficient of Jaccard, cluster analyses of distribution data delineate three areas of faunal homogeneity for frogs, nine for salamanders, and six for all amphibians. Coefficients of correlation of similarity matrices are calculated and indicate that (1) the geographic distribution patterns of both frogs and salamanders are most closely correlated with the patterns of climate, soils, and physiography; and (2) when compared to frogs, salamander distributions exert a larger influence on the determination of amphibian areas of homogeneity. An analysis of the faunal composition of areas of homogeneity in terms of past dispersal patterns of their component species reveals that frog areas are dominated by species that dispersed from southeastern, southwestern, and southern centers of dispersal while salamander areas are dominated by species with an Appalachian Highland center of dispersal. Simple correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses of the relationships between frog, salamander, and amphibian species densities and values for 17 environmental variables indicate that frogs and salamanders exhibit diametrically different responses to a majority of the environmental gradients studied. Modified by historical factors, aspects of the evolutionary time, ecological time, and spatial heterogeneity theories are used to tentatively explain these density gradients. Frog and salamander faunas of Tennessee exhibit significantly different biogeographic patterns. This is evident in both a study of areas of faunal homogeneity and an analysis of species densities. Results from analyses of total amphibian fauna obscure the unique characteristics of each faunal group

Peripheral Tolerance of CD8 T Lymphocytes

SummaryWhereas high-avidity recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by developing T cells in the thymus results in deletion and promotes self-tolerance, such recognition by mature T cells in the periphery results in activation and clonal expansion. This dichotomy represents the basis of a dilemma that has stumped immunologists for many years, how are self-specific T cells tolerized in the periphery? There appear to be two important criteria used to achieve this goal. The first is that in the absence of inflammatory pathogens, tolerance is promoted when T cells recognize antigen presented by quiescent dendritic cells (DCs) expressing low levels of costimulatory molecules. A second critical factor that defines “self” and drives tolerance through deletion, anergy, or suppression is the persistence of antigen

Effet du Cesamet ® (Nabilone) sur la perception de la douleur et les réponses électrophysiologiques

Étant donné que l'utilisation des cannabinoïdes dans un but thérapeutique est en pleine expansion, notre laboratoire a voulu vérifier, à l'aide de deux études cliniques fondamentales chez des sujets sains, le potentiel analgésique d'un cannabinoïde synthétique, le nabilone, lors de différents tests de douleur. Ces tests incluent l'utilisation d'une thermode (plaque chauffante) utilisée sur la peau à des températures supérieures au seuil de la douleur ainsi que l'utilisation du test du réflexe RIII vu par électromyogramme (EMG) et potentiels évoqués vus par électroencéphalogrammes (EEG) réalisé à l'aide de stimulations électriques du nerf sural. L'effet analgésique du nabilone était vérifié à l'aide de ces mesures électrophysiologiques de même que par l'utilisation de méthodes psychophysiques de mesure de perception de la douleur des participants utilisant une échelle analogue visuelle de la douleur allant de 0 à 100. Le potentiel synergistique du nabilone suite à l'activation d'un mécanisme de contrôle de la douleur appelé contrôle inhibiteur diffus nociceptif (CIDN) a aussi été vérifié. Ces tests furent effectués en double aveugle avec un placébo et des doses de 0 mg, 0,5 mg et 1 mg de nabilone. Malgré une tendance positive, nous n'avons pas réussi à voir un effet analgésique concret du nabilone 0 mg, 0,5 mg et 1 mg plus fort que l'effet placébo aussi bien dans les tests de thermode que de RIII. Le nabilone n'a pas su non plus, sur la population totale, créer d'effet synergistique avec l'effet du CIDN. Par contre, suite à des analyses statistiques plus poussées, nous avons pu voir que le nabilone avait, chez les femmes, un effet antihyperalgésique suite à l'activation du CIDN. Des effets très différents ont pu aussi être vus entre la réponse des femmes et des hommes suite au test du RIII quant à son effet spinal et supraspinal

Appropriately differentiated ARPE-19 cells regain phenotype and gene expression profiles similar to those of native RPE cells.

PurposeThe RPE cell line ARPE-19 provides a dependable and widely used alternative to native RPE. However, replication of the native RPE phenotype becomes more difficult because these cells lose their specialized phenotype after multiple passages. Compounding this problem is the widespread use of ARPE-19 cells in an undifferentiated state to attempt to model RPE functions. We wished to determine whether suitable culture conditions and differentiation could restore the RPE-appropriate expression of genes and proteins to ARPE-19, along with a functional and morphological phenotype resembling native RPE. We compared the transcriptome of ARPE-19 cells kept in long-term culture with those of primary and other human RPE cells to assess the former's inherent plasticity relative to the latter.MethodsARPE-19 cells at passages 9 to 12 grown in DMEM containing high glucose and pyruvate with 1% fetal bovine serum were differentiated for up to 4 months. Immunocytochemistry was performed on ARPE-19 cells grown on filters. Total RNA extracted from ARPE-19 cells cultured for either 4 days or 4 months was used for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis using a 2 × 50 bp paired end protocol. The RNA-Seq data were analyzed to identify the affected pathways and recognize shared ontological classification among differentially expressed genes. RPE-specific mRNAs and miRNAs were assessed with quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR, and proteins with western blotting.ResultsARPE-19 cells grown for 4 months developed the classic native RPE phenotype with heavy pigmentation. RPE-expressed genes, including RPE65, RDH5, and RDH10, as well as miR-204/211, were greatly increased in the ARPE-19 cells maintained at confluence for 4 months. The RNA-Seq analysis provided a comprehensive view of the relative abundance and differential expression of the genes in the differentiated ARPE-19 cells. Of the 16,757 genes with detectable signals, nearly 1,681 genes were upregulated, and 1,629 genes were downregulated with a fold change of 2.5 or more differences between 4 months and 4 days of culture. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the upregulated genes were associated with visual cycle, phagocytosis, pigment synthesis, cell differentiation, and RPE-related transcription factors. The majority of the downregulated genes play a role in cell cycle and proliferation.ConclusionsThe ARPE-19 cells cultured for 4 months developed a phenotype characteristic of native RPE and expressed proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs characteristic of the RPE. Comparison of the ARPE-19 RNA-Seq data set with that of primary human fetal RPE, embryonic stem cell-derived RPE, and native RPE revealed an important overall similar expression ratio among all the models and native tissue. However, none of the cultured models reached the absolute values in the native tissue. The results of this study demonstrate that low-passage ARPE-19 cells can express genes specific to native human RPE cells when appropriately cultured and differentiated

Developing an enhanced 7-color multiplex IHC protocol to dissect immune infiltration in human cancers.

The TSA Opal multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) protocol (PerkinElmer) has been used to characterize immune infiltration in human cancers. This technique allows multiple biomarkers to be simultaneously stained in a single tissue section, which helps to elucidate the spatial relationship among individual cell types. We developed and optimized two improved mIHC protocols for a 7-color panel containing 6 biomarkers (CD3, CD8, CD163, PD-L1, FoxP3, and cytokeratin (CK)) and DAPI. The only difference between these two protocols was the staining sequence of those 6 biomarkers as the first sequence is PD-L1/CD163/CD8/CK/CD3/FoxP3/DAPI and the second sequence is FoxP3/CD163/CD8/CK/CD3/PD-L1/DAPI. By comparing PD-L1/FoxP3 staining in mIHC and singleplex PD-L1/FoxP3 staining on the adjacent slide, we demonstrated that the staining sequence does not affect the staining intensity of individual biomarkers as long as a proper antigen retrieval method was used. Our study suggests that use of an antigen retrieval buffer with higher pH value (such as Tris-EDTA pH9.0) than that of the stripping buffers (such as citrate buffer pH6.0) is helpful when using this advanced mIHC method to develop panels with multiple biomarkers. Otherwise, individual biomarkers may exhibit different intensities when the staining sequence is changed. By using this protocol, we characterized immune infiltration and PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), breast cancer (BCa), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens. We observed a statistically significant increase in CD3+ cell populations within the stroma of NSCLC as compared to BCa and increased PD-L1+ tumor cells in HNSCC as opposed to BCa

The incidence of postoperative venous thrombosis among patients with ulcerative colitis

Background: Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) have inherent prothrombotic tendencies. It is unknown whether this necessitates the use of additional perioperative anti-thrombotic prophylaxis when such patients require major surgery. Methods: The postoperative courses of 79 patients with UC undergoing 180 major abdominal and pelvic operations were examined for clinical and radiological evidence of venous thrombosis. Eighteen patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) having surgery (35 operations) of similar magnitude were also studied. Standard anti-thrombosis prophylaxis was utilised in all patients. Results: Nine patients with UC were clinically suspected of developing postoperative venous thrombosis, but only three (3.8%) had their diagnosis confirmed radiologically (all had a pulmonary embolus). Therefore, the overall postoperative thrombosis rate, on an intention to treat basis, was 1.7% (3/180). No patient with FAP developed significant venous thrombosis. Conclusion: Standard perioperative antithrombotic modalities are sufficient to maintain any potential increase in postoperative thrombotic risk at an acceptable level in patients with UC undergoing operative intervention