Secular Change in Equivalent Width of C 5380, 1978-1990

The equivalent width of the high excitation photospheric line of C 5380A has been measured 3 to 4 times monthly in the solar irradiance spectrum since 1978. C 5380 behaves differently than other spectral lines in that it is unmodulated by the activity cycle, yet has increased in strength by 0.081 plus or minus .008 mA in 12 years. Nominal equivalent width is 22.25 mA. Implied is a temperature increase of 4.6 K which is an order of magnitude greater than constraints allowed by Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) results

Long-term Evolution of Sunspot Magnetic Fields

Independent of the normal solar cycle, a decrease in the sunspot magnetic field strength has been observed using the Zeeman-split 1564.8nm Fe I spectral line at the NSO Kitt Peak McMath-Pierce telescope. Corresponding changes in sunspot brightness and the strength of molecular absorption lines were also seen. This trend was seen to continue in observations of the first sunspots of the new solar Cycle 24, and extrapolating a linear fit to this trend would lead to only half the number of spots in Cycle 24 compared to Cycle 23, and imply virtually no sunspots in Cycle 25. We examined synoptic observations from the NSO Kitt Peak Vacuum Telescope and initially (with 4000 spots) found a change in sunspot brightness which roughly agreed with the infrared observations. A more detailed examination (with 13,000 spots) of both spot brightness and line-of-sight magnetic flux reveals that the relationship of the sunspot magnetic fields with spot brightness and size remain constant during the solar cycle. There are only small temporal variations in the spot brightness, size, and line-of-sight flux seen in this larger sample. Because of the apparent disagreement between the two data sets, we discuss how the infrared spectral line provides a uniquely direct measurement of the magnetic fields in sunspots

Von Neumann rho invariants and torsion in the topological knot concordance group

We discuss an infinite class of metabelian Von Neumann rho-invariants. Each one is a homomorphism from the monoid of knots to the real line. In general they are not well defined on the concordance group. Nonetheless, we show that they pass to well defined homomorphisms from the subgroup of the concordance group generated by anisotropic knots. Thus, the computation of even one of these invariants can be used to conclude that a knot is of infinite order. We introduce a method to give a computable bound on these invariants. Finally we compute this bound to get a new and explicit infinite set of twist knots which is linearly independent in the concordance group and whose every member is of algebraic order 2 .Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures. Clarifications made to theorem statements and definitions, Lemma 5.9 strengthened as needed, A citation error is corrected. Updated to agree with version in publicatio

Have You Been Drinking Tonight Ms. Prynne - Ohio\u27s Scarlet Letter for OVI/DUI Offenders: A Violation of First Amendment Protection against Compelled Speech

This note examines the history of scarlet letter punishments. These types of sanctions raise many constitutional concerns; this Note will specifically address First Amendment compelled speech. Different standards of constitutional review for First Amendment violations and probation conditions will also be discussed. The note will also explain how Ohio\u27s special license plate violates the First Amendment. Because the license plate is a legislative requirement that infringes upon free speech and eliminates judicial sentencing discretion, the state\u27s interest must pass strict scrutiny. This analysis will confirm that the state\u27s interest is legitimate but not compelling. The special license plate fails to effectively deter and its efforts to identify offenders is counterproductive. The special license plate also fails to meet the goals of Ohio probation: rehabilitation and reformation. Additionally, there are less burdensome and more effective means of meeting the government\u27s valid goals

A chapter in the history of Orange County, Virginia

In 1753 Orange County could hardly have still been oalled a frontier region, but its society remained like that of the more exposed communities to the west for some time. It was neither overpopulated nor was the land intensively cultivated. The flora and fauna had hardly been affected, and wolves frequently howling at night reminded the inhabitants that the job of taming their environment was yet unfinished. These wolves were suffi­ ciently destruotive to demand bounties, and many farmers, planters and. gentlemen eked out their income by presenting the head of a wolf to the sheriff, who paid a hundred pounds of tobacco for the trophy