Reply Brief of Appellant on Motion for Leave to Appeal and Appeal as of Right

Reply Brief of Appellant on Motion for Leave to Appeal and Appeal as of Righ

Reply Brief of Appellant on Motion for Leave to Appeal and Appeal as of Right

Reply Brief of Appellant on Motion for Leave to Appeal and Appeal as of Righ

Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing.

Parasitic helminths infect over 1 billion people worldwide, while current treatments rely on a limited arsenal of drugs. To expedite drug discovery, we screened a small-molecule library of compounds with histories of use in human clinical trials for anthelmintic activity against the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. From this screen, we found that the neuromodulatory drugs sertraline, paroxetine, and chlorpromazine kill C. elegans at multiple life stages including embryos, developing larvae and gravid adults. These drugs act rapidly to inhibit C. elegans feeding within minutes of exposure. Sertraline, paroxetine, and chlorpromazine also decrease motility of adult Trichuris muris whipworms, prevent hatching and development of Ancylostoma caninum hookworms and kill Schistosoma mansoni flatworms, three widely divergent parasitic helminth species. C. elegans mutants with resistance to known anthelmintic drugs such as ivermectin are equally or more susceptible to these three drugs, suggesting that they may act on novel targets to kill worms. Sertraline, paroxetine, and chlorpromazine have long histories of use clinically as antidepressant or antipsychotic medicines. They may represent new classes of anthelmintic drug that could be used in combination with existing front-line drugs to boost effectiveness of anti-parasite treatment as well as offset the development of parasite drug resistance

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

La baisse de la fécondité aux Etats-Unis de 1800 à 1860

Leasure William J. — The Decline of Fertility in the United States : 1800-1860. Statistics from the census are used to test the hypothesis that the principal reason for the decline in fertility was the growing independence of individuals in respect of religious and political authority. The probabilities of joining one of the five religious groups which were relatively less dogmatic than others (Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Unitarians and Universalists) were taken as a measure of this growing independence. It was found that this variable yielded the highest value of the T statistic, and the greatest beta coefficient as well as the largest coefficients of partial and simple correlation (r2 = 0.68) with fertility decline. The illiteracy ratio is the only other variable which is statistically significant. Other variables used in the study were : the proportion of the working population employed in agriculture, the sex ratio and a variable which measures the availability of land.Leasure J. William. — La baisse de la fécondité aux Etats-Unis de 1800 à 1860. Les données du recensement sont utilisées pour tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle la principale variable explicative de la baisse de la fécondité serait celle mesurant l'indépendance croissante des individus vis-à-vis de l'autorité religieuse et politique. Pour quantifier cet esprit d'indépendance, on a mesuré les possibilités d'accueil dans les églises de cinq religions relativement moins dogmatiques et moins centralisées que d'autres : les Congrégationalistes, les Presbytériens, les Quakers, les Unitariens et les Universalistes. Cette variable a la plus forte valeur de la statistique T, le plus fort coefficient bêta et les plus forts coefficients de corrélation partiel et simple (r2 = 0,68). Le taux d'analphabétisme est la seule autre variable statistiquement significative. Les autres variables sont : le pourcentage de la population active dans l'agriculture, le rapport de masculinité et une variable mesurant la disponibilité des terres.Leasure J. William. — La disminución de la fecundidad en Estados Unidos desde 1800 hasta 1860. Sobre la base de los resultados de los censos de la época, en los Estados Unidos, se ha intentado verificar la hipótesis según la cual la principal variable explicativa de la reducción de la fecundidad, habria sido la mayor independencia de los individuos tanto con respecto a las autoridades religiosas como politicas. Para apreciar este espiritu de independencia se midieron las posibilidades de acogida en las iglesias, de cinco religiones relativamente menos dogmáticas y menos centralizadas, que las otras : Congregacionistas, Presbiterianos, Cuáqueros, Unitarios y Universalistas. Esta variable obtuvo el mayor valor, de acuerdo con la prueba de significación estadística T, el má alto valor para el coeficiente beta y los más altos coeficientes de correlación parcial y simple (r2 = 0,68). La unica variable diferente estadisticamente significativa es la tasa de analfa- betismo. Las otras variables son : el porcentaje de población activa en la agricul- tura, la relación de masculinidad y una variable que mide la disponibilidad de tierras.Leasure William J. La baisse de la fécondité aux Etats-Unis de 1800 à 1860. In: Population, 37ᵉ année, n°3, 1982. pp. 607-622

Evolution politique et baisse de la fécondité en Occident

Bolton Craig and Leasure J. William. — Political Evolution and the Fall-off in Fertility in the West. None of the reasons usually put forward to account for the fall in fertility during the last two centuries has been properly tested empirically. Now, a political explanation becomes possible : democracy has led to an alteration of the attitude of the mass of the population which used to be submissive. Individuals have now acquired greater responsibility and have begun to make individual decisions about the size of the family they desired. Contraception was then able to spread. An examination of the political history of European countries shows that the beginnings of fertility decline have always coincided with important political changes.Bolton Craig et Leasure J. William. — Evolution politique et baisse de la fécondité en occident. Aucune des raisons habituellement alléguées pour expliquer la baisse de la fécondité au cours des deux derniers siècles n'est bien vérifiée empiriquement. Or une explication politique est possible : la démocratie a modifié l'attitude jusque là soumise des masses, chaque individu a acquis une plus grande responsabilité et annexé au champ de ses décisions la dimension que sa famille devait atteindre. Alors la contraception a pu se répandre. En examinant l'histoire politique des pays européens, on montre effectivement que le début de la baisse de fécondité y coïncide toujours avec d'importantes mutations politiques.Bolton Craig y Leasure J. William. — Evolución política y disminución de la fecundidad en Occidente. La disminución de la fecundidad que se ha observado en Occidente en el curso de los dos ultimos siglos no ha encontrado una explicación satisfactoria. Ninguna de las razones que se aducen habitualmente encuentra una confirmación empírica concluyente. En este articulo se présenta una explicación política plausible : la democracia ha modificado la actitud anteriormente sumisa de las masas. Cada individuo ha adquirido una mayor responsabilidad y el tamaňo que debe tener la familia ha pasado también al dominio de las decisiones per- sonales. En esta situación han podido extenderse las prácticas anticonceptivas. Al examinar la historia política de los países europeos, se encuentra que el comienzo de la baja de la fecundidad ha coincidido siempre con importantes cambios politicos.Bolton Craig, Leasure J. William. Evolution politique et baisse de la fécondité en Occident. In: Population, 34ᵉ année, n°4-5, 1979. pp. 825-843