die Verteilung staatlicher Aufgaben zwischen Bund, Einzelstaaten und Kommunen in den USA

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Amerikanischer Nationalismus, ethnische Vielfalt und die Deutschamerikaner

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Effects of Immigration on Labour Markets and Government Budgets - An Overview

The paper provides an overview on recent trends of immigration in OECD countries and on the possible effects of immigration on labour markets and government budgets. It also discusses migration policies from an economic point of view. By bringing together a bulk of international literature on labour market and fiscal effects of migration in a systematic way it provides a framework for assessing the economic effects of migration and improving the knowledge base for migration policies.migration, labour markets, fiscal effects of migration

Die plio- und pleistozänen Schotter der Wutach-Donau am Ost-Schwarzwald

Die Wutach-Terrassenschotter, die den Fluß als dessen letzte Bildung vor seinem Überlaufen zum Hochrhein in der Würm-Kaltzeit zwischen seinem Austritt aus dem Gebirge und der einstigen Überlaufstelle in talab zunehmender Höhe über seiner jungen Schlucht begleiten, stellen bildungsmäßig keine Einheit („Niederterrasse") dar. Sie weisen eine deutliche Gliederung auf in zwei glazifluviale Schotterkörper, die durch eine Diskordanz, stellenweise durch augenscheinlich nicht kaltzeitliche feinklastische Bildungen voneinander getrennt sind und sich in ihrem Konservierungsgrad merklich voneinander unterscheiden. Es wird versucht, die Schotterkörper den beiden jüngsten pleistozänen Kaltzeiten zuzuordnen. Anschließend erfolgt eine Darstellung der älteren Wutachschotter und eine Besprechung von deren mutmaßlicher Altersstellung auf der Grundlage von in den letzten Jahren erfolgten Untersuchungen.researc

Prices, Wages and Inflation after the Euro - What Europeans Shoud or Should not Expect

This chapter addresses questions about the effect of the introduction of the euro on price differentials across the Union and also on the cost of capital in its member countries, which may account for capital flows from the slow growing centre to the more buoyant peripheral states. Nominal interest rates on government securities have converged virtually completely with the announcement and introduction of the euro, indicating that risk premia resulting from uncertain exchange rates and other causes have disappeared. As these premia are generally believed to have been higher in the peripheral states, these should now be benefiting from a reallocation of capital in their favour. As a result, labour productivity and prices of goods that are not traded internationally can be expected to rise faster than would have been the case without the euro. A sizeable inflation differential among the Euro countries is a natural aspect of the real convergence process that has been brought about by European integration in general and by the euro in particular. So, while high inflation at time of booms in domestic demand may be a useful way to contain domestic imbalances, prices and wages then need to come down after the boom is over. The adoption of policies promoting wage and price flexibility is a key step in the future of the Euro area.

German-American congressmen between ethnic group and national government circa 1880

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Growth and Productivity

This chapter compares growth in Europe and the United States in recent decades. Although Europe was, as one would expect, catching up in the 1950s and 1960s, this virtually ceased in the 1970s, and the United States has pulled further ahead in the 1980s and 1990s – and at a particularly remarkable rate in the second half of the last decade. The chapter examines the effects of general factor endowments and their accumulation with special emphasis on the role of information technology. Here the Scandinavian countries share a number of characteristics with the United States rather than the core European countries. The analysis highlights the effects of both industrial and labour market regulations in Europe as well as shortcomings in education and access to the Internet in much of the Continent. This last effect is attributed to inadequate openness of the sector to effective competition.

The Weakness of the Euro: Is it Really a Mystery?

This chapter addresses the weakness of the euro against the US dollar and the yen since its launch in 1999. The report stresses the effects on the euro of a dramatic decline in the demand for base money which probably reflected a flight of black money from within the euro countries as well as of deutschmarks returning from Eastern Europe and other parts of the world. As the ECB absorbed the fall in the demand for base money at given interest rates by changing the composition of its broad money aggregate M3, without changing its size, the effect on the exchange rate was very similar to a sterilised intervention of the same size. Measured against the trend, the decline in the demand for base money was in the order of q90 billion over the last few years until October 2001, enough to fully explain the euro weakness in quantitative terms. Apart from these changes in the demand for currency, macroeconomic factors have also contributed to the weakness of the euro, which may be seen as a reflection of dollar strength in the late 1990s. Dollar appreciation was initially driven by high consumption and investment demand due to expectations of a strong US advantage in growth and productivity. After doubts about the persistence of this advantage towards the end of 2000, the euro stopped depreciating, but remained weak, perhaps reflecting market pessimism about Europe’s ability to sustain its own growth independently of the United States. It was precisely in this period that the movements in currency demand mentioned above may have become stronger.