Sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de Naranja (Citrus x sinensis (L) Osbeck cv. Valencia) en Chanchamayo, Selva Central del Perú

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Agricultura SustentableEste trabajo de tesis se realizó en la provincia de Chanchamayo, Junín, Perú con tres objetivos: (i) Caracterizar las fincas productoras del cultivo de naranja variedad Valencia (ii) Evaluar la sustentabilidad de las fincas tipos productoras del cultivo de naranja variedad Valencia y (iii) Desarrollar experiencias para la mejora tecnológica del cultivo de naranja variedad Valencia. Los resultados, mostraron que las fincas son muy variables, el 67 % están bajo la responsabilidad de varones, el 44 % tiene rendimientos entre 30 a 49 t/ha y el 54 % tienen ingresos mensuales mayores a los S/. 2,500 soles. La mitad de las fincas, solamente producen naranja y la gran mayoría solo tiene un canal de comercialización. Las fincas evaluadas, se aglutinaron en cuatro grupos, el más importante fue el grupo II (38.52 %), seguido del grupo III (37.04 %), grupo I (21.48 %) y el grupo IV (2.96 %), pero solamente el 20.7 % fueron calificadas como sustentables. Cuando se evaluó el comportamiento de la naranja variedad Valencia, en dos zonas agroecológicas, el mayor diámetro del fruto se encontró en la localidad de Zotarari y también el mayor rendimiento, comparado con Puerto Ipoki. En el ensayo con “Fincas Tipo” (FT), se observó que el peso del fruto varió a lo largo del tiempo; pero en todos los meses, los frutos con el mayor peso, correspondió a la FT2, lo mismo ocurrió cuando se midió el diámetro del fruto, valores que fueron estadísticamente superiores a los de las otras FT. A la FT2, también le correspondió el mayor rendimiento. En general, se encontró que, en las tres localidades, la fertilización aumento significativamente la calidad y el rendimiento de la naranja variedad Valencia, la mejor fórmula (Kg/ha) fue: N (1050) – P205 (450) – K20 (1050).This thesis work was carried out in the province of Chanchamayo, Junín, Peru with three objectives: (i) Characterize the farms that produce the orange variety Valencia (ii) Evaluate the sustainability of the typical farms that produce the orange variety Valencia and (iii) Develop experiences for the technological improvement of Valencia variety orange cultivation. The results showed that the farms are highly variable, 67% are under the responsibility of men, 44% have yields between 30 to 49 t/ha and 54% have monthly incomes greater than S/. 2,500 soles. Half of the farms only produce oranges and the vast majority only have one marketing channel. The farms evaluated were grouped into four groups, the most important was group II (38.52%), followed by group III (37.04%), group I (21.48%) and group IV (2.96%), but only 20.7 % were rated as sustainable. When the behavior of the orange variety Valencia was evaluated, in two agroecological zones, the largest diameter of the fruit was found in the town of Zotarari and also the highest yield, compared to Puerto Ipoki. In the trial with "Typical Farms" (FT), it was observed that the weight of the fruit varied over time; but in all months, the fruits with the highest weight corresponded to FT2, the same thing happened when the diameter of the fruit was measured, values that were statistically higher than those of the other FTs. The FT2 also had the highest performance. In general, it was found that, in the three locations, fertilization significantly increased the quality and yield of the orange variety Valencia, the best formula (Kg/ha) was: N (1050) – P205 (450) – K20 (1050)

Evaluación de la sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de naranja (Citrus sinensis) variedad Valencia en la provincia de Chanchamayo, Junín, Perú.

El estudio se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar la sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de naranja (Citrus sinensis), variedad Valencia en la provincia de Chanchamayo, Junín, Perú. Para ello se utilizaron indicadores y subindicadores que permitieron detectar tendencias a nivel del sistema. Para el uso de indicadores se tomó en cuenta los aspectos económicos, ecológicos y socioculturales; y se trabajó con una población de 2200 productores, de la que se tomó una muestra de 135 de ellos. Los indicadores se estandarizaron y se ponderaron de acuerdo a su importancia, tomando en cuenta el criterio de los productores. Se hizo un taller para validar las encuestas, donde se invitó a los actores que tenían que ver con la cadena de la naranja (Citrus sinensis) variedadValencia, y se determinaron las preguntas; posteriormente se hizo una prueba de 20 enc+uestas al azar para determinar la complejidad de las preguntas, al final se ajustaron las preguntas y se procedió a las encuestas en toda la Provincia de Chanchamayo. Es muy importante destacar que las encuestas se llevaron a cabo en la finca de cada productor. El estudio de las fincas permitió obtener datos claros de las tendencias de sustentabilidad de forma general, puesto que cada grupo tiene sus propias características, las mismas que presentan una gran interdependencia entre las tres dimensiones de la sustentabilidad. La información se obtuvo a través de una encuesta con preguntas relacionadas a las tres dimensiones de la sustentabilidad, siguiendo la metodología del análisis multicriterio que permite calcular el indicador económico (IE), indicador ambiental (IA) y el indicador sociocultural (ISC) de cada finca, con cuyos datos se estiman en el indicador de sustentabilidad general (IS General) de la misma. Se puede concluir que, el 79.3% de las fincas evaluadas tuvieron un índice de sustentabilidad general (ISG <2), lo que determina que la mayoría de fincas no fueron sustentables. El uso de indicadores sirvió para detectar puntos críticos en los sistemas al momento del análisis de la sustentabilidad

Aspergilosis invasiva neuropulmonar

This is a 68 year old male patient, white, with a history of bronchial asthma , hypothyroidism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic liver  and chronic renal disease monitoring by Nephrology Specialist . Presented various income for respiratory diagnosed with bronchopneumonia plus low hemoglobin, the proteinuria was found in nephrotic range and the possibility of renal biopsy was assessed. Immunological studies and microbiological hemochemical and included  tests, with blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus. It evolved unfavorably with acid-base imbalance and marked general malaise to extreme bradycardia and death. At autopsy the presence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to hepatotropic viruses with chronic liver damage leading to immunosuppression and the resulting Aspergillus infestation with meningoencephalic invasion and lung was found . Invasive aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients.Se trata de un paciente de 68 años, masculino, blanco, con antecedentes de asma bronquial, hipotiroidismo, hiperplasia benigna de próstata, hepatopatía crónica y enfermedad renal crónica con seguimiento por el Especialista en Nefrología. Presentó varios ingresos por cuadro respiratorio con diagnóstico de bronconeumonía además de cifras bajas de hemoglobina, se constató proteinuria en rango nefrótico y se valoró la posibilidad de realizar biopsia renal. Se incluyen en los exámenes estudios inmunológicos y hemoquímicos así como microbiológicos, con hemocultivos positivos para estafilococo aureus. Evolucionó desfavorablemente con desequilibrio ácido básico y marcada toma del estado general hasta la bradicardia extrema y la muerte. En la autopsia se encontró la presencia de una glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa secundaria a virus hepatotropos con daño hepático crónico que llevó a la consiguiente inmunosupresión y a la infestación por aspergilus, con invasión meningoencefálica y pulmonar. La aspergilosis invasora es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en enfermos inmunosuprimidos

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Species of the Genus Tagetes

This study investigated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of two species of the genus Tagetes (Tagetes minuta L. and Tagetes elliptica Sm). The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation, and its extraction performance, relative density, refractive index, and solubility in ethanol (70% v/v) were determined. The chemical components were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was determined by the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrocyl (DPPH) method and the trapping capacity of the ABTS*+ radical cation. In the essential oils of the species Tagetes, it was possible to identify 26 chemical components for the species Tagetes elliptica Sm. and 16 for Tagetes minuta L., both species presented as main components monoterpenes (61%) and sesquiterpenes (44%). The compounds found were β-myrcene, trans-tagetone, β-trans-ocimene, and β-caryophyllene. Essential oils showed a variation in extraction yields and density. The refractive index was higher in the species Tagetes elliptica Sm., finding a high solubility in both species. A variation was found between 1.77 and 2.56 mg/mL of antioxidant activity by the DPPH method and 21.02–41.06 mg/mL for ABTS*+. The essential oils of the species Tagetes elliptica Sm.y and Tagetes minuta L. have bioactive components with antimicrobial and antioxidant potentialities for use for food preservatives

Biogas in Cajamarca: A Comprehensive Approach to Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Development

The study analyzes the integrated management of solid waste after the approval of the “Plan de Valorización de Residuos Orgánicos e Inorgánicos 2022” (Organic and Inorganic Waste Valorization Plan 2022). It studies the decomposition phases of organic waste considering factors such as landfill age, waste characteristics, presence of oxygen and temperature. To evaluate the biogas potential of solid waste, the “EPA Model” and the “Mexican Biogas Model 2.0” are proposed, underlining the importance of choosing appropriate methods. A connection is made with a study in Iquitos, Peru, which highlights solid waste management in the tropical rainforest, suggesting the generation of compost and highlighting methane (CH4) as the main component of biogas, with opportunities for the energy industry. The use of precise measurement instruments is recommended, considering the economic limitations, and the exploration of other mathematical models to evaluate medium or long term projections

Morphometric comparison of Characidae fish when n < p

Currently, great importance has been given to the study of external morphology, especially in fish, when it is used as a means of identifying hybrids. This paper considers a LASSO model based on the truss protocol to compare morphological covarion patterns between specimens of Colossoma macropomum and the hybrid C. macropomum (♀) x P. orinoquensis (♂). In this study, 25 specimens of C. macropomum and 20 specimens of the hybrid C. macropomum (♀) x P. orinoquensis (♂), respectively, were analyzed. The method "Truss protocol" or "trusses" Strauss and Bookstein (1982) was used. LASSO model achieved to reduce the mean squared error. The final model obtained contains only seven covariates. LASSO model fitted on the morphological covariation patterns between specimens of C. macropomum and the hybrid C. macropomum (♀) x P. orinoquensis (♂) showed a good fit and allowed to correctly classify most of the specimens. Differences were observed in the area of the head and in the anterior part of the fish evidenced in covariates associated with hydrodynamic abilities and with foraging

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially