The induction of flowering in swedes

Early sowing of swedes increases yield but also increases the risk of bolting. The aim of the study was to investigate vernalisation, that is, low temperature flower induction, of swedes.In a series of experiments, plants of different ages and cultivars were given low temperature treatments of varying duration and tem­perature.Swedes were vernalised by temperatures of 11° and below, the optimum being around 5° to 6° for Wilhelmsburger and 3° to 6° for Doon Major. High temperatures following low temperature treatment and interruptions of treatment with periods at higher temperature were devernalising, reducing the numbers of plants flowering and decreasing the rate of flowering. Stem extension and response of stem growth to gibberellic acid were less affected by devernalisation than flowering.Plants grown at around 15 were found to have a juvenile stage of under A days, some cultivars having a shorter stage of 2 days or less.Low light intensities during vernalisation reduced the number of plants flowering but mature swedes could be vernalised in the absence of light.There was considerable variation in susceptibility to vernalisation in the cultivars used in the experiments. In order of decreasing susceptibility they were Pentland Harvester, Della, Wi1nelmsburger and Marian, Harrietfield, Doon Major and Ruta Otofte. There was evidence of differences in within cultivar variation, early and late flowering selected Wilhelmsburger lines differing more from the parent population in susceptibility to vernalisation than selected Doon Major lines.The longer the duration of low temperature the more plants flowered and the earlier they flowered.The normal site of vernalisation was found to be the growing point although axillary buds could be vernalised in the presence and absence of the growing point. There was no evidence of a trans- locatable flowering stimulus.Methods of selection and shortening the reproductive cycle are described

The Prehistoric hand pictures at Gargas: attempts at simulation

A number of experimental methods of reconstructing prehistoric hand images like those in the cave of Gargas, France, are described and assessed. The results of experiments using these methods are evaluated from the point of view of the bearing they have on our knowledge about the creation of the original pictures in the cave

ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient: a case report

Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment for severe mental illness in which small, carefully controlled electricity is applied to the brain. This electric stimulation is done in conjunction with anesthesia and muscle relaxant medications to produce a mild generalized seizure. This is used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. This is most effective in the treatment of severe depression providing a rapid relief. We report and discuss an unusual presentation of a ninety three year old lady with a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Severe with Psychotic features (296.34) who experienced musical hallucinations whilst she was treated on ECT. Clinically there was an inverse relationship between the biological symptoms of depression and musical hallucination during the ECT management. Though similar reports have never been reported earlier, we noticed a good association between the initiation of ECT and musical hallucination in our patient. The patient stopped experiencing musical hallucinations and improved of her biological symptoms of depression completely after the full course of ECT

Facile Protocol for Water-Tolerant “Frustrated Lewis Pair”-Catalyzed Hydrogenation

Despite rapid advances in the field of metal-free, “frustrated Lewis pair” (FLP)-catalyzed hydrogenation, the need for strictly anhydrous reaction conditions has hampered wide-scale uptake of this methodology. Herein, we report that, despite the generally perceived moisture sensitivity of FLPs, 1,4-dioxane solutions of B(C6F5)3 actually show appreciable moisture tolerance and can catalyze hydrogenation of a range of weakly basic substrates without the need for rigorously inert conditions. In particular, reactions can be performed directly in commercially available nonanhydrous solvents without subsequent drying or use of internal desiccants

Synthesis and characterization of redox active cyrhetrene–triazole click products

We report the synthesis and characterization of two new cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl rhenium(I) (cyrhetrene) complexes modified with a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole moiety. The two compounds, (η5-[4-phenyltriazol-1-yl]cyclopentadienyl) tricarbonyl rhenium(I), and (η5-[4-(4-aminophenyl)triazol-1-yl]cyclopentadienyl) tricarbonyl rhenium(I), were structurally characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, ATR-IR spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography where appropriate. The electrochemical behaviour of these two cyrhetrene–triazole complexes was explored using cyclic voltammetry, whereupon we observed that irreversible oxidation of the pendant 4-substituted-triazole moiety occurs before any electron transfer at the metal centre. This redox behaviour is in stark contrast to that of the analogous manganese(I) cymantrene–triazole derivatives, recently reported by our group

Management education and training for librarians in Scotland.

This paper is a report on research into management education and training for librarians, which was initiated and funded by the Library and Information Services Committee (Scotland) [LISC(S)]. It outlines the origin of the proposal in the current debate about management education in the United Kingdom (UK), and in the growing concern to ensure that librarians' managerial abilities are fully developed. It provides background material on management education in Scotland, and on the provision of short courses in management for librarians in the UK. A survey of Heads of library and information services and the managers who report to them was undertaken in early 1991 to identify the management competences required by librarians. The resources available for staff development were investigated, as were the relative priorities attached to management development compared with general professional development. The review found that managerial development has clearly been identified as organisationally or personally important by some librarians. However, it appeared that the overall perception of librarians as managers is still low. There was a very considerable diversity in support for management development in Scottish libraries. The review concluded that, at the moment there does not appear to be a basis for a programme of management education and training specifically for librarians. The increase in financial allocations required to sustain such a programme would be unrealistic in present circumstances, and librarians should make more use of alternative, in-service methods of management development