Cartas vivas in the expansion of the iberian Christianism: Religious Orders and the Global Organization of the missions

Este artículo analiza comparativamente las características de la comunicación de informaciones de las órdenes religiosas entre sus provincias misionales y sus sedes romanas. Se estudian las semejanzas interregionales inexploradas en el funcionamiento de las diferentes provincias de una misma orden y se establecen similitudes, diferencias y matices en el tratamiento que las diferentes órdenes religiosas daban a su comunicación interna. La primera sección aborda el debate en los siglos XVI y XVII sobre las limitaciones de la documentación escrita y la creciente necesidad de enviar informantes que trasmitieran la situación de las provincias de manera directa por comunicación oral. La segunda se adentra en los mecanismos de elección de dichos informantes, los “procuradores”, y el modo como se esperaba que trasmitieran la información. La tercera y cuarta secciones estudian el papel de dichas figuras frente a las frecuentes irregularidades en las provincias y el modo como se esperaba que expresaran la diversidad de opiniones a nivel local. La última sección propone una comparación de las prácticas de comunicación jesuíticas con las franciscanas y mercedarias. El carácter y la abundancia de fuentes de órdenes religiosas permiten describir y analizar las prácticas de la comunicación administrativa y contribuir a una mayor comprensión de la problemática del gobierno en una situación colonial.This article comparatively analyzes the characteristics of the communication of information of the religious orders between their missionary provinces and their Roman headquarters. We study the unexplored interregional similarities in the functioning of the different provinces of a same order and we establish similarities, differences and nuances in the treatment different religious orders gave to their internal communication. The first section deals with the debate on the limitations of written documentation and the growing need to send informants that would transmit the situation of the provinces directly. The second delves into the mechanisms of selection of informants, the "procurors", and the way in which they were expected to transmit the information. The third and fourth sections study the role of these figures in the face of frequent irregularities in the provinces and how they were expected to express diversity of opinions at the local level. The last section proposes a comparison of the Jesuit communication practices with the Franciscans and Mercedarians.Fil: Fechner, Fabian. FernUniversität in Hagen; AlemaniaFil: Wilde, Guillermo Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

50 Hz X‐Ray Diffraction Stress Analysis and Numerical Process Simulation at Laser Surface Line Hardening of Web Structures

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out during laser surface line hardening of the common tempering steel AISI 4140 at beamline P05@PETRA III operated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht at the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany. A unique process chamber was used to investigate the phase and transverse surface stress evolution during a laser line hardening processes. Synchrotron radiation, in combination with microstrip line detectors, allows for a time resolution of 50 Hz. Specimen geometries were hardened using a high-power diode laser under control of the surface temperature and constant laser beam feed. Herein, it is focused on web-structured specimens in contrast to a flat geometry. The experimental results are discussed with regard to the workpiece geometry effect of the web structure dimensions on the temporal and spatial stress evolution. In addition, numerical process simulations based on the finite element method were carried out to support the drawn conclusions. The presented model is able to predict the surface transverse stresses inside the process zone center, while providing further 3D information. A heat build-up in the web leads to a wider and deeper process zone, however, the absolute hardness increase and the transverse residual stresses at the surface center are not affected

Lehr- und Lernvorstellungen angehender Biologielehrender im Kontext des Praxissemesters

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGLehr- und Lernvorstellungen (LLV) konstituieren u. a. das Lehrerprofessionswissen. Die naturwissenschaftliche, universitäre Lehramtsausbildung ist v.a. durch konstruktivistische Paradigmen geprägt. An Schulen finden sich vielfach eher transmissive LLV. Praxisphasen innerhalb der Lehramtsausbildung könnten voruniversitäre transmissive LLV der Lehrkräfte stärken. An der Universität Bielefeld wird das gerade eingeführte halbjährige Praxissemester stark mit Elementen Forschenden Lernens verknüpft. In der vorliegenden Studie interessierte, ob diese Elemente die Ausprägung der Zustimmung zu den LLV zwischen den Gruppen vor und nach dem Praxissemester beeinflussen. 105 Studierende (MAlter = 24.90 Jahre, SDAlter = 2.07 Jahre, 73,30 % weiblich) des Fachs Biologie wurden bezüglich der Wirkung des Praxissemesters auf ihre generalisierten LLV transmissiv und konstruktivistisch sowie ihre fachspezifischen LLV zu Vernetzung und Präkonzepten im Fach Biologie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Trendstudie zeigen eine überraschende Wirkung des Praxissemesters: Transmissive LLV sind nach dem Praxissemester besonders gering ausgeprägt. Möglicherweise könnte dies auf eine gelingende Theorie-Praxis-Verknüpfung zurückzuführen sein.ABSTRACTTeacher beliefs about learning constitute i. a. professional competence in teaching. The science teacher training at university is characterized by constructivist paradigms in particular. Most often, teacher beliefs at school are transmissive. Practical phases during teacher training at university could strengthen the teacher trainees’ pre-university transmissive beliefs. The currently established six-month practical semester at the Bielefeld University is strongly linked to elements of research-based learning. The present study investigated if these elements of theoretical reflection influence the consent to the beliefs between the groups before and after the practical phase. Therefore, the effects of the practical phase on the general beliefs about transmissive and constructivist learning as well as the science-specific beliefs about connectivity and preconcepts in biology of 105 teacher trainees (MAge = 24.90 years, SDAge = 2.07 years, 73,30 % female) were examined. Results of the trend study hint that the practical phase had a surprising effect: Transmissive beliefs are remarkably weak after the practical phase. This may be ascribed to a successful conjunction of theory and practice

Bringing Dicynodonts Back to Life: Paleobiology and Anatomy of a New Emydopoid Genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique

Dicynodontia represent the most diverse tetrapod group during the Late Permian. They survived the Permo-Triassic extinction and are central to understanding Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Although extensively studied, several aspects of dicynodont paleobiology such as, neuroanatomy, inner ear morphology and internal cranial anatomy remain obscure. Here we describe a new dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from northern Mozambique: Niassodon mfumukasi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype ML1620 was collected from the Late Permian K5 formation, Metangula Graben, Niassa Province northern Mozambique, an almost completely unexplored basin and country for vertebrate paleontology. Synchrotron radiation based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT), combined with a phylogenetic analysis, demonstrates a set of characters shared with Emydopoidea. All individual bones were digitally segmented allowing a 3D visualization of each element. In addition, we reconstructed the osseous labyrinth, endocast, cranial nerves and vasculature. The brain is narrow and the cerebellum is broader than the forebrain, resembling the conservative, "reptilian-grade" morphology of other non-mammalian therapsids, but the enlarged paraflocculi occupy the same relative volume as in birds. The orientation of the horizontal semicircular canals indicates a slightly more dorsally tilted head posture than previously assumed in other dicynodonts. In addition, synchrotron data shows a secondary center of ossification in the femur. Thus ML1620 represents, to our knowledge, the oldest fossil evidence of a secondary center of ossification, pushing back the evolutionary origins of this feature. The fact that the specimen represents a new species indicates that the Late Permian tetrapod fauna of east Africa is still incompletely known.Mozambique (Ministério dos Recursos Minerais), National Geographic Society, TAP airlines and other anonymous patrons, financial support from DESY through the I-20110184 EC project

Juvenile ecology drives adult morphology in two insect orders

Most animals undergo ecological niche shifts between distinct life phases,but such shifts can result in adaptive conflicts of phenotypic traits. Metamor-phosis can reduce these conflicts by breaking up trait correlations, allowingeach life phase to independently adapt to its ecological niche. This process iscalled adaptive decoupling. It is, however, yet unknown to what extentadaptive decoupling is realized on a macroevolutionary scale in hemimeta-bolous insects and if the degree of adaptive decoupling is correlated with thestrength of ontogenetic niche shifts. It is also unclear whether the degree ofadaptive decoupling is correlated with phenotypic disparity. Here, we quan-tify nymphal and adult trait correlations in 219 species across the wholephylogeny of earwigs and stoneflies to test whether juvenile and adulttraits are decoupled from each other. We demonstrate that adult head mor-phology is largely driven by nymphal ecology, and that adult head shapedisparity has increased with stronger ontogenetic niche shifts in some stone-fly lineages. Our findings implicate that the hemimetabolan metamorphosisin earwigs and stoneflies does not allow for high degrees of adaptive decou-pling, and that high phenotypic disparity can even be realized when theevolution of distinct life phases is coupled