Exploring the Discourse of Subject in Intellectual Property Rights: Communal Rights in Indonesia

The objective of this study is to expound on the discourse surrounding the categorization of intellectual property rights (IPR) under public and private international law, which has been a topic of contention among legal experts. Through an in-depth analysis of the IPR debate, including public and private case examples, and the contrast between traditional and communal IPR, this study intends to explore Indonesia's perspective towards IPR and communal rights. Indonesia acknowledges communal rights within IPR and has implemented various legal and policy instruments to safeguard them. It is envisaged that the research findings will advance the ongoing discourse on the classification of IPR under public or private international law, and enhance the comprehension of the legal framework governing IPR in Indonesia. This study will also bring into focus the recognition and protection of communal rights in IPR, which is a crucial subject in modern international law

KEPENTINGAN INDONESIA MENGAKSESI KONVENSI APOSTILLE DAN RELEVANSINYA DI BIDANG KENOTARIATAN

Dalam era globalisasi, kerja sama antar negara dan antar warga negara dalam bidang bisnis, pendidikan, maupun diplomasi, dan kepentingan untuk menjalin hubungan yang baik dengan negara-negara lain semakin menjadi prioritas. Namun, dalam menjalin kerja sama tersebut, hal-hal administratif seperti legalisasi dokumen publik asing menjadi salah satu kendala yang sering dihadapi. Proses yang rumit dan biaya yang tinggi menjadi hambatan bagi banyak orang untuk mendapatkan pengesahan dokumen publik yang diperlukan untuk berbagai keperluan. Belum lagi, dokumen publik yang telah dilegalisasi oleh lembaga atau kementerian di Indonesia tidak secara otomatis dapat diterima di negara yang dituju. Seperti akta notaris, surat kuasa, dan dokumen-dokumen lainnya harus dilegalisasi terlebih dahulu sebelum dapat diakui oleh negara tujuan. Hal ini membuat banyak orang merasa kesulitan dalam menggunakan dokumen publik di luar negeri. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, Indonesia mengaksesi Konvensi Apostille, dengan demikian proses legalisasi dokumen asing publik di Indonesia menjadi lebih mudah, cepat, dan efisien. Notaris sebagai pejabat publik memiliki peran penting dalam proses legalisasi dokumen tersebut, baik dalam memberikan legalisasi dokumen asing publik yang diperlukan, maupun dalam pengesahan tanda tangan atau legalisir pada dokumen-dokumen yang diterbitkan oleh pihak asing.. Dalam kenotariatan, Kehadiran Konvensi Apostille diharapkan memudahkan akses bagi warga negara Indonesia untuk menggunakan dokumen publik di luar negeri dan notaris dapat memberikan legalisasi dengan menyertakan Apostille pada dokumen publik yang diterbitkan oleh notaris. Keanggotaan Indonesia di dalam Konvensi Apostille memiliki urgensi yang sangat penting untuk mempercepat proses administratif dalam hubungan antarnegara dan antarwarga negara dan membantu dalam mempercepat proses administratif dalam hubungan antarnegara dan antarwarga negara serta meningkatkan kemudahan dalam melakukan kegiatan bisnis dan administrasi di luar negeri

THE PARADOX OF ASEAN WAY IN MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLIANCE AMONG MEMBER STATES

ASEAN countries are considered significant contributors to global pollution, particularly concerning marine plastic pollution (MPP), which has emerged as a critical concern in the region. To address this issue, ASEAN has established three specific instruments: the Bangkok Declaration on Combating Marine Debris in 2019, the ASEAN Framework of Action on Marine Debris 2019, and the ASEAN Regional Action Plan for Combating Marine Debris in the ASEAN Member States 2021-2025. However, being soft laws, these instruments lack legally binding force, allowing states to choose not to implement them effectively and promptly, leading to low compliance rates. The root cause of this compliance challenge lies in the ASEAN Way’s foundational principle, which promotes non-intervention, resulting in non-legally binding instruments. This raises genuine concerns about the potential inefficacy of implementing ASEAN instruments. Nonetheless, the issue of marine plastic pollution is considered a contemporary environmental catastrophe in the region, demanding Member States to prioritize compliance. Hence, this study delves into two key issues: (1) the ASEAN Way and compliance and (2) regional mechanisms to bolster Member States’ adherence in combating marine plastic pollution.

Pengaturan Sektor Jasa Pendidikan Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Liberalisasi WTO

General Agreement on Trade and Servies WTO in the Service sector is regulated in the Doha Round along with 12 other trade sectors which are compromises between developing countries and developed countries. The service trade liberalization regulation in Indonesia has been implemented in law Number 20 of 1999 concerning the National Education System and Law Number 12 of 2012 concerning Higher Education.Pengaturan perdagangan jasa dalam General Agreement on Trade and Services-World Trade Organizations dalam bidang jasa diatur pada pada putaran Doha bersama dengan 12 Sektor perdagangan lainnya yang merupakan kompromi antara negara berkembang dengan negara maju. Pengaturan liberalisasi perdagangan jasa dalam General Agreement on Trade and Services-World Trade Organizations pada sektor pendidikan di Indonesia telah terimplementasi pada Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 1999 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 Tentang Perguruan Tinggi. Kata Kunci: GATS, Liberalisasi Pendidikan, , WT

Speckle-free laser imaging

Many imaging applications require increasingly bright illumination sources, motivating the replacement of conventional thermal light sources with light emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes (SLDs) and lasers. Despite their brightness, lasers and SLDs are poorly suited for full-field imaging applications because their high spatial coherence leads to coherent artifacts known as speckle that corrupt image formation. We recently demonstrated that random lasers can be engineered to provide low spatial coherence. Here, we exploit the low spatial coherence of specifically-designed random lasers to perform speckle-free full-field imaging in the setting of significant optical scattering. We quantitatively demonstrate that images generated with random laser illumination exhibit higher resolution than images generated with spatially coherent illumination. By providing intense laser illumination without the drawback of coherent artifacts, random lasers are well suited for a host of full-field imaging applications from full-field microscopy to digital light projector systems.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders

Backgroun

Day hospital versus out-patient care for psychiatric disorders

Obstacle, adventure and endurance competitions in challenging or remote settings are increasing in popularity. A literature search indicates a dearth of evidence-based research on the organisation of medical care for wilderness competitions. The organisation of medical care for each event is best tailored to specific race components, participant characteristics, geography, risk assessments, legal requirements, and the availability of both local and outside resources. Considering the health risks and logistical complexities inherent in these events, there is a compelling need for guiding principles that bridge the fields of wilderness medicine and sports medicine in providing a framework for the organisation of medical care delivery during wilderness and remote obstacle, adventure and endurance competitions. This narrative review, authored by experts in wilderness and operational medicine, provides such a framework. The primary goal is to assist organisers and medical providers in planning for sporting events in which participants are in situations or locations that exceed the capacity of local emergency medical services resources

Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders

BACKGROUND: Inpatient treatment is an expensive way of caring for people with acute psychiatric disorders. It has been proposed that many of those currently treated as inpatients could be cared for in acute psychiatric day hospitals. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of day hospital versus inpatient care for people with acute psychiatric disorders. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library, issue 4, 2000), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2000), EMBASE (1980 to December 2000), CINAHL (1982 to December 2000), PsycLIT (1966 to December 2000), and the reference lists of articles. We approached trialists to identify unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of day hospital versus inpatient care, for people with acute psychiatric disorders. Studies were ineligible if a majority of participants were under 18 or over 65, or had a primary diagnosis of substance abuse or organic brain disorder. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and cross-checked. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for dichotomous data. Weighted or standardised means were calculated for continuous data. Day hospital trials tend to present similar outcomes in slightly different formats, making it difficult to synthesise data. Individual patient data were therefore sought so that outcomes could be reanalysed in a common format. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials (involving 1568 people) met the inclusion criteria. Individual patient data were obtained for four trials (involving 594 people). Combined data suggested that, at the most pessimistic estimate, day hospital treatment was feasible for 23% (n=2268, CI 21 to 25) of those currently admitted to inpatient care. Individual patient data from three trials showed no difference in number of days in hospital between day hospital patients and controls (n=465, 3 RCTs, WMD -0.38 days/month CI -1.32 to 0.55). However, compared to controls, people randomised to day hospital care spent significantly more days in day hospital care (n=265, 3 RCTs, WMD 2.34 days/month CI 1.97 to 2.70) and significantly fewer days in inpatient care (n=265, 3 RCTs, WMD -2.75 days/month CI -3.63 to -1.87). There was no significant difference in readmission rates between day hospital patients and controls (n=667, 5 RCTs, RR 0.91 CI 0.72 to 1.15). For patients judged suitable for day hospital care, individual patient data from three trials showed a significant time-treatment interaction, indicating a more rapid improvement in mental state (n=407, Chi-squared 9.66, p=0.002), but not social functioning (n=295, Chi-squared 0.006, p=0.941) amongst patients treated in the day hospital. Four of five trials found that day hospital care was cheaper than inpatient care (with cost reductions ranging from 20.9 to 36.9%). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Caring for people in acute day hospitals can achieve substantial reductions in the numbers of people needing inpatient care, whilst improving patient outcome