IT governance, culture, and individual behavior

Information technology (IT) has become vital to organizations' success. For this reason, IT Governance (ITG) is necessary to control better solutions, sustainable development, and better decision-making. Since an organization's advantage lies in its employees' behavior, this study analyses the impact of ITG institutionalization on the key dimensions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). OCB describes individuals' voluntary commitment to an organization. Plus, to moderate this relationship, Organizational Culture (OC) is recognized as an essential asset that affects OCB behaviors and attitudes and ITG performance. In summary, the findings of this study contribute to the development of a conceptual model that considers different OC types to explain how the institutionalization of ITG affects individuals' behavior.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Experimental evidence for circular dichroism in the double photoionization of helium

Viefhaus J, Avaldi L, Snell G, et al. Experimental evidence for circular dichroism in the double photoionization of helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS. 1996;77(19):3975-3978.Circular dichroism in the double photoionization of He by circularly polarized light has been observed in an angle resolved coincidence experiment at 93.5 eV photon energy: The use of a transmission multilayer, which acts as, a quarter-wave plate for the linearly polarized incident light, together with time-of-flight spectrometers, which enable simultaneous detection of all electron pairs, has made the measurements possible. The results show strong dependence of the dichroism on the relative emission angles and the energy sharing between the ejected electrons in good agreement with our numerical calculations

Adiponectin and resistin in human cerebrospinal fluid and expression of adiponectin receptors in the human hypothalamus

Context: The adipokine leptin has critical importance in central appetite regulation. In contrast to some suggestion of adiponectin influencing energy homeostasis in rodents, there is no evidence for adiponectin or resistin entering the human blood-brain barrier. Objective: The objective was to establish the presence of adiponectin or resistin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to compare their distribution with leptin. Furthermore, we wished to examine the expression of the adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipR1, AdipR2) in the human hypothalamus. Methods: For this purpose, serum and CSF samples were collected from 20 men and 19 women matched for age [men, 69.8 +/- 8.6 yr (mean +/- SD); women, 69.4 +/- 4.3 yr] and BMI ( men, 29.4 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2); women, 27.3 +/- 4.8 kg/m(2)) undergoing elective surgery under spinal anesthesia. Results: Adiponectin was identified in CSF with levels 1000-fold less than serum, whereas resistin and leptin levels were 100-fold less. Unlike their serum levels, adiponectin CSF levels showed no gender difference or correlation with insulin resistance, which is similar to resistin CSF levels. The adiponectin and leptin CSF/serum ratios in our study exhibit the same pattern of gender-specific BMI association with inverse correlation in women (r = -0.61; P = 0.02) and no correlation in men (r = 0.026; P = not significant). Furthermore, immunostaining established AdipR1 and -2 in the hypothalamus and increased AdipR2 expression in the paraventricular nucleus, which is involved in energy regulation. Conclusion: In summary, our findings show both the presence of adiponectin and resistin in human CSF, with no effect of insulin resistance on CSF levels. The CSF entry of adiponectin and leptin in women appears to be impaired in obesity

Adiponectin complexes in human cerebrospinal fluid: distinct complex distribution from serum

Aims/hypothesis Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived secretory factor that is specifically produced in adipocytes. It exerts effects on energy homeostasis via peripheral and central mechanisms. However, it is not clear whether adiponectin crosses the blood-brain barrier in humans. In serum, adiponectin circulates in several different complexes, each of which has distinct functions. Here, we wanted to test whether adiponectin can be found in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether specific adiponectin complexes are enriched in CSF compared with peripheral serum samples. We also wanted to establish whether there is a sex-related difference with regard to the distribution of adiponectin oligomers in CSF. Materials and methods We studied 22 subjects (11 men, 11 women) in this study. Their average BMI was 28.0 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2); average age was 70 +/- 7 years. Results Analysis of total adiponectin revealed that adiponectin protein is present in human CSF at approximately 0.1% of serum concentration. The distribution of adiponectin oligomers differs considerably in CSF from that of serum within matched samples from the same patients. Only the adiponectin trimeric and low-molecular-mass hexameric complexes are found in CSF, with a bias towards the trimeric form in most patients. Male subjects have a higher CSF:serum ratio of total adiponectin (p < 0.05; n = 20) and have slightly higher trimer levels in serum and CSF than female subjects. Conclusions/interpretation We conclude that the adiponectin trimer is the predominant oligomer in human CSF