Gambaran Histopatologi Otak Tikus Akibat Injeksi Trimetyltin Sebagai Model Penyakit Alzheimer

Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin compound which neurotoxic at limbus system and hippocampus in human and animal. Pathology changes that caused by the induction of TMT is a neurodegenerative disorder such as nerve cell death and cognitive impairment. This study was aimed to observe brain pathology induced by TMT with multiple doses for 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Twenty seven of Wistar rats, at 2 months of age with weight ranging between 200-300 grams were used and divided randomly into 3 groups (n=9). Group I were injected by trimetyiltin with a dose of 6 mg / kg, group II were injected bytrimetyltin with a dose of 8 mg / kg and group III as control without injection. Observation of brain pathology was done by euthanasia on day 14, 21 and 28 after treatment, three rats each. Cortex and hippocampus of the brainwere observed using Hematoxilin and Eosin staining (HE). All of the research procedure was done with the approval and supervision of Animal Ethics Committee LPPT UGM No. 300/KEC-LPPT/VII/2015. The observation of histopathology of the brain's neuron cells injected by trimetyltin dose of 6 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg body weight was showed increasing cell death of brain neurons in the cortex and hippocampus compared to the control group. The highest cell death was on day 14 in the hippocampus and cortex cerebral on day 21after TMT injection. The neuron cell death characterized by the shrink of brain neurons as well as colored eosinophilic cytoplasm. One way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant difference number of neurons cell deathbetween control and treatment groups. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the trimetyltin injection dose of 6 mg / kg and 8 mg / kg of body weight caused neuron cell death in the brain rats from fourteen day aftertreatment, especially in the hippocampus and cortex

Effects of Co-chemotherapy Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Roots and Doxorubicin Against Apoptosis Through Expression P53 Mutant and Bcl-2

Background : It was found mutations of p53 gene in Breast cancer. Mutant p53 protein caused a decrease in cell apoptosis mechanisms through increased expression of Bcl-2. Breast cancer therapy is commonly used chemotherapy using Doxorubicin. However, effectiveness of the use of this chemotherapeutic agent is limited due to the emergence of side effects and toxic to normal cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs for combination of chemotherapy. Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots has the potential as co-chemotherapy of breast cancer and it is not toxic to normal cells. Method : Rats were divided into 5 groups. Each group consisted of four female white Sprague Dawley rats. Group 1 (Normal), group 2 (DMBA 20 mg/kgB.W), group 3 (DMBA +Doxorubicin 1.12 mg/kgB.W), group 4 (DMBA +fractions 100 mg/kgB.W), group 5 (DMBA+Doxorubicin +fractions). All the rats were sacrificed at weeks 16 and to be taken their breast tissue. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a mouse monoclonal antibody mutant (BioGenex) and Bcl-2 (BIOSS). Results : expression of mutant p53 percentage obtained for group I (9.35 ± 0.32)%, II (21.65 ± 1.60)%, III (10.72 ± 2.52)%, IV (11.63 ± 3.39)%, V (12.72 ± 3.44)%, While the percentage of Bcl-2 expression obtained for I (20.62 ± 10.09)%, II (52.83 ± 3.61)%, III (24.38 ± 3.54)%, IV (38.01 ± 6.25)%, V (27.99 ± 4.27)%. The data was statistically tested by Kruskal Wallis test (p< 0.005). Conclussion : Co-chemotherapy of E. longifolia Jack roots and Doxorubicin can stimulate apoptosis through decreased in the expression of mutant p53 protein and Bcl-2 in breast tissue of rats induced by DMBA

Efek Pemaparan Deltamethrin pada Broiler terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Alanin Aminotransferase, Aspartat Aminotransferase dan Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of deltamethrin exposure on the Broiler\u27s liver histopathological feature, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activity. Fourty DOC Broilers strain New Loghman are divided into four group of ten and they were adapted for 5 days prior to the treatment. Group I (KI) is a control group, group II were given 20 mg/L deltamethrin, group III were given 10 mg/L deltamethrin and exposure deltamethrin concentration 10 mg/L and group IV were given 5 mg/L delthametrin. Deltamethrin was mixed with drinking water and then was given to the treatment group for 30 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0, day 15 and day 30 of treatment to determine of ALT and AST enzyme activity. On day 35, all animal were sacrificed, liver were taken out and fixed in 10% of buffer formalin for microscopic examination. Results of the AST enzyme activity shows that exposure to 20 mg/L and 10 mg/L deltamethrin for 30 days resulted in the histopathological changes of the liver, such as, fatty degeneration, necrosis on liver cells, inflamation of the liver, and necrosis on liver cells without the infiltration of inflamation cells. It is conclude that exposure to 20 mg/L deltamethrin for 30 days resulted in an increase in AST enzyme activity which is supported liver histopathological changes: fatty degeneration, necrosis, inflamation, and necrosis on liver cells without the infiltration of inflamation cells

Efek Anti Angiogenesis Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia Pandurata , (Roxb.) Schlecht) Pada Membran Korio Alantois Embrio Ayam Yang Diinduksi Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (Bfgf)

Pertumbuhan kanker dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya adalah angiogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas anti kanker dari ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin dari rimpang temu kunci sebagai anti-angiogenesis pada membran korio alantois (CAM) embrio ayam yang diinduksi bFGF. Serbuk kering temu kunci dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan dan etil asetat, ekstrak kemudian dipekatkan. Pinostrobin diisolasi dari ekstrak etil asetat dengan kromatografi cair vakum menggunakan gradient pelarut n-heksan:etil asetat, fraksi terbaik diambil untuk dilanjutkan dengan KLT preparatif. Hasil isolat diidentifikasi menggunakan KLT Densitometri dengan pembanding standar pinostrobin. Nilai panjang gelombang maksimum dari isolat dan standar pinostrobin masing-masing adalah 298 nm dan 299 nm. Uji anti angiogenik dilakukan pada telur berembrio umur 8-9 hari yang dibagi dalam dua belas kelompok perlakuan. kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol terdiri dari kelompok I (paper disc), kelompok II (bFGF), dan kelompok III (bFGF + 0,8 % DMSO). Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari kelompok IV (n-heksana 15 ug/ml), kelompok V (n-heksana 30 ug/ml), kelompok VI (n-heksana 60 ug/ml) , kelompok VII (etil asetat 15 mg/ml) , golongan VIII (etil asetat 30 mg/ml), kelompok IX (etil asetat 60 mg/ml), kelompok X (pinostrobin 10 nM), kelompok XI (pinostrobin 100 nM), kelompok XII (pinostrobin 1000 nM). Setelah diinkubasi selama 3 hari pada suhu 38,5°C, telur dibuka dan isi telur dikeluarkan, kemudian membran korioallantois yang melekat pada cangkang diamati secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik menggunakan antibodi VEGF. Pengamatan makroskopis menunjukkan bahwa pinostrobin memiliki efek anti angiogenesis dengan persentase daya hambat angiogenesis yang semakin tinggi seiring peningkatan dosis sedangkan pengamatan mikroskopis menunjukkan adanya sel endotel yang terekspresi oleh VEGF pada kelompok etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin memiliki efek sebagai anti angiogenesis melalui jalur penghambatan bFGF, sedangkan yang menghambat angiogenesis melalui jalur penghambatan VEGF hanya pada kelompok etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin

Capsule Formulation of Ethanolic Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma Longifolia Jack.,) and Its Effect on Human Health Vital Signs

Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) has the potential to be developed as antihypertensive, antipyretic, aphrodisiacs and health supplements. The use of E. longifolia as a traditional medicine needs to be pursued in the form of more effective and appropriate formulation. The capsule preparations are easy to make and cancover the bitter taste of E. longifolia. Clinical trials in this study use design pre-post treatment in healthy humans. Subjects used were male - healthy men and healthy women who met inclusion criteria and were subjected with formulated capsule for 14 days. The study resulted capsule formula comprising of the ethanolic extract of E. longifolia 300 mg, vivapur 101 300 mg, 58 mg maydis starch, aerosil 3%, talc 2%, and Mg stearate 1%. The results showed that the capsule of E. longifolia did not affect the value of heart rate, respiration rate, body temperature and weight (P > 0.05), based on paired t-test, but they causes a decrease in blood pressure of healthy human. The ethanol extract of E. longifolia caused vasodilation of blood vessels that can be used in antihypertensive therapy

Determination of Andrographolide Isolate Activity to α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Using Apostolidis and Mayur Method

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism can lead to diabetes mellitus. Carbohydrates are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract into simple glucose and absorbed into the bloodstream and affected blood glucose levels. The absorption process is catalyzed by α- 1 ,4 - glycoside breaking bond enzyme , namely α - amylase and α -1 ,6 - glycoside breaking bond enzyme, namely α – glucosidase. They are found in the intestinal cells. Research had been conducted in an effort to develop an alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus by testing the ability of isolates of andrographolide in inhibiting α-amylase activity and α-glucosidase in vitro. Andrographolide isolates showed fairly good activity in inhibiting α-amylase ( IC50 = 1,.49 mg/mL) and weak in inhibiting α-glucosidase (IC50 = 38,86 mg/mL). Inhibition of α-amylase activity is evidence of one mechanism of andrographolide in reducing carbohydrate metabolism that can affect blood glucose levels and indicates that andrographolide is a potential alternative medicine in addressing diabetes mellitus

EFEKTIVITAS PENTAGAMAVUNON-0 TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN EKSPRESI SIKLOOKSIGENASE-2 PADA MODEL KANKER KOLON TIKUS

Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan efektivitas pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0) terhadap penghambatan ekspresi siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2) pada kanker kolon tikus Wistar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 20 ekor tikus Wistar jantan yang dibagi secara acak dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok I merupakan kontrol negatif, kelompok II kontrol positif, kelompok III diberi PGV-0 40 mg/kg BB selama 15 minggu, dan kelompok IV diberi PGV-0 40 mg/kg BB selama 25 minggu. Pemberian PGV-0 dilakukan secara oral dua kali seminggu. Induksi kanker kolon dilakukan dengan cara injeksi subkutan DMH 60 mg/kg BB, satu kali seminggu selama 15 minggu. Pada minggu ke-26, semua hewan coba dieutanasia, kolon difiksasi dalam formalin 10% untuk selanjutnya diamati perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik. Penilaian ekspresi COX-2 dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Duke’s stage dan skor imunoreaktivitas (IRS). Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan pemberian PGV-0 selama 25 minggu menurunkan jumlah nodul kanker kolon dari 5 ke 2 (berkurang 60%); diameter kanker kolon (pxl) dari 0,712 mm² ke 0,0043 mm² (berkurang 99,31%). Pemberian PGV-0 selama 15 minggu hanya menurunkan jumlah nodul 10% dan area kanker kolon dari 0,712 mm² ke 0,0062 mm² (99,07%). Skor imunoreaktivitas COX-2 diekspresikan oleh kelompok III dan IV adalah 4 dan 5. Gambaran histologis dari kolon mendukung hasil di atas. Pemberian PGV-0 efektif menurunkan jumlah dan area nodul kanker kolon melalui penghambatan ekspresi COX-2