Hipertransaminazemia w przebiegu ostrej biegunki u dzieci

Najczęstszą przyczyną ostrych biegunek u dzieci w Polsce są wirusy, zwłaszcza rotawirusy. Zarówno wirusy, jak i bakterie wywołujące ostrą biegunkę mogą być czynnikami wtórnie hepatotropowymi. Celem pracy była ocena stężeń aminotransferaz u dzieci hospitalizowanych z powodu ostrej biegunki w Klinice Pediatrii SUM w Katowicach w latach 2008–2009. Badaniami objęto 579 dzieci, 307 chłopców (53%) oraz 272 dziewczynki (47%), w wieku od 1. miesiąca życia do 18. roku życia (śr. wiek 2,5 roku). U 226 dzieci (41%) rozpoznano zakażenie rotawirusem, u 158 zakażenie bakteryjne (27,3%), w tym zakażenie Salmonellą 48/579 (8,3%), patogenną Escherichia coli 79/579 (13,4%), Campylobacter jejuni 38/579 (6,6%). U wszystkich pacjentów oznaczono stężenia aminotransferazy asparaginianowej (AspAT) i alaninowej (AlAT) z uwzględnieniem wieku, płci, etiologii ostrej biegunki, parametrów stanu zapalnego, zaburzeń gospodarki wodno- elektrolitowej i kwasowo-zasadowej oraz współwystępowania innych schorzeń. Otrzymane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej. Podwyższone stężenie AspAT obserwowano u 268 dzieci (46,3%), jedynie u 13 dzieci (2,3%) wartości te przekraczały dwukrotną normę. Podwyższone stężenie AlAT obserwowano u 58 dzieci (10,1%). Jedynie u 6 dzieci (1%) stężenie AlAT było powyżej dwukrotnej wartości normy. Spośród wszystkich pacjentów z ostrą biegunką rotawirusową podwyższone stężenie aminotransferaz (głównie AspAT) obserwowano u 189/226 (83,6%). U wszystkich dzieci stężenia aminotransferaz znormalizowały się w ciągu miesięcznej obserwacji. Znamiennie statystycznie częściej podwyższone stężenia aminotransferaz obserwowano u dzieci w wieku poniżej 3. roku życia oraz ze znacznymi zaburzeniami gospodarki kwasowo-zasadowej. Wykonane badanie USG jamy brzusznej jedynie w pojedynczych przypadkach wykazało nieprawidłowości, głównie pod postacią powiększenia wątroby. Ze względu na obserwowaną podwyższoną przejściową hipertransaminazemię i szybką samoistną jej normalizację należy zastanowić się na celowością rutynowego oznaczania tych enzymów w przebiegu ostrej biegunki u dzieci. Wskazane wydaje się prowadzenie badań dążących do wyjaśnienia przyczyn hipertransaminazemii zwłaszcza u dzieci poniżej 3. roku życia. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej 2011, tom 5, nr 6, 491–49

Serologic Investigations in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Food Allergy

The aim of the study was the evaluation of frequency and titre of IgA ASCA and IgG ASCA and p-ANCA, c-ANCA in children with IBD and occurrence of ASCA antibodies in relation to coexistence of FA. Patients and methods. The study comprised 95 children at the ages of 2 to 18 years. The diagnosis of IBD was established on the basis of Porto criteria. Tests of blood serum were performed in all children: IgA and IgG ASCA, p-ANCA, c-ANCA using ELISA method. Results. IgE-dependent FA was found in 32.5% children with UC and in 21% with CD. We did not observe any relation between the occurrence of FA and the frequency and ASCA titre. p-ANCA were significantly more frequent in the group of children with UC. The occurrence of ASCA antibodies was observed in 73.7% of children with CD, 17.5% with UC and almost 30% with allergic colitis. Conclusions. Patients with CD and the presence of ASCA revealed a significantly more frequent localization of lesions within the small bowel and a tendency towards older age. We observed a connection between the occurrence of antibodies and the examined mutations of gene NOD2/CARD15

Common variant p.D19H of the hepatobiliary sterol transporter ABCG8 increases the risk of gallstones in children

Introduction Gallstones are increasingly common in children. Genetic analyses of adult cohorts demonstrated that the sterol transporter ABCG8 p.D19H and Gilbert UGT1A1*28 variants enhance the odds of developing gallstones. The genetic background of common lithiasis in children remains unknown. Methods Overall, 214 children with gallstone disease (1 month–17 years, 107 boys) were inclueded. The control cohorts comprised 214 children (age 6–17 years, 115 boys) and 172 adults (age 40–92 years, 70 men) without gallstones. The ABCG8 p.D19H and UGT1A1*28 polymorphisms as well as ABCB4 (c.504C>T rs1202283, c.711A>T rs2109505) and NPC1L1 variants (p.V1296V rs217434, c.−18C>A rs41279633) were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Serum concentrations of plant sterols and cholesterol precursors were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results The ABCG8 risk allele was associated with an increased risk of stones (OR = 1.82, p = .03). Children carrying the p.19H allele presented with lower serum concentrations of surrogate markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption and decreased ratios of phytosterols to the cholesterol precursor desmosterol. Carriers of the common NPC1L1 rs217434 allele had an increased gallstone risk compared with stone-free adults (OR 1.90, p < .01). This variant also affected the ratio of phytosterols to cholesterol precursors (p = .03). Other tested variants were not associated with gallstone risk. Conclusions The p.D19H ABCG8 and, to a lesser extent, NPC1L1 rs217434 variants increase the risk of early-onset gallstone formation. These results point to the presence of a common lithogenic pathway in children and adults

Home enteral nutrition in children—2010 nationwide survey of the polish society for clinical nutrition of children

Published epidemiologic data on the administration rates of enteral/parenteral home nutrition is very limited. The aim of this first nationwide study was to assess the availability of pediatric home enteral nutrition (HEN) services in Poland. The questionnaire was sent to all regional centers providing pediatric HEN services in Poland (n = 14). The analysis included the number of pediatric patients who received HEN in 2010, their demographic characteristics and geographical distribution. Furthermore, the distributions of indications and methods of enteral nutrition administration were analyzed, along with the reasons of withdrawal from the HEN program. The number and fraction of children receiving HEN increased in 2010, from 433 (11.34 per 1 million inhabitants) on January 1st to 525 (13.75) on December 31st. Marked differences were observed in geographical distribution of this parameter, from zero to up to 30 pediatric patients per 1 million inhabitants. Median age of patients was 6 years (range: 9 months–18 years). In most cases, HEN was prescribed due to neurological disorders (n = 337, 64.2%), and administered by means of gastrostomy (n = 450, 85.71%). This study revealed the dynamic development of pediatric HEN services in Poland but also documented their potential regional shortages

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Eosinophilic colitis in children

Introduction: Eosinophilic colitis, which is a rare form of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, occurs as primary and secondary allergic eosinophilic colitis of the gastrointestinal tract infection, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and vasculitis. The diagnosis is based on a significant amount of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate of the colon wall. Aim: To analyze the clinical picture taking into account comorbidities and endoscopic picture in children with eosinophilic colitis. Material and methods : The test group consisted of 43 children, the average age – 12.1 years diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis (according to the Whitington scale) hospitalized in the Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice. Testing for food allergies, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal diseases and parasitic diseases was performed in the group of children and the analysis concerned the intensity of eosinophilic infiltration of the colon mucosa with the severity of clinical symptoms, endoscopic picture, the presence of inflammatory bowel disease, and food allergy. Results: Half of the tested children suffered from isolated eosinophilic colitis but the rest of them had eosinophilic infiltrate with inflammatory bowel disease more often, however, the Crohn’s disease. The endoscopic image was uncharacteristic, and grade III in the Whitington scale was predominant in the histopathological examination, in most cases located in the entire large intestine. The higher level of total IgE was found in less than half of the patients and it did not correlate with the severity of eosinophilic infiltration. It was shown that the severity of eosinophilic infiltration correlated with exacerbation of clinical symptoms, endoscopic image, and the presence of inflammatory bowel disease. The higher level of antibodies of ASCA and ANCA was found in approximately 20% of the children with isolated eosinophilic colitis and 63% of children with Crohn’s disease. Conclusions : The higher concentration of total IgE in less than half of the patients with eosinophilic colitis indicates the need for improving allergy diagnosis also in terms of IgE-independent allergy. The presence of higher levels of antibodies of ASCA and ANCA in some of the patients with isolated eosinophilic colitis indicates the need for further observation for the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease

Clinical picture of coeliac disease in children hospitalized in the Department of Paediatrics, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, in the year 2003–2008

In recent years a changeable clinical picture of celiac disease has been observed. In children latent and silent types of coeliac disease occur predominantly and bring numerous diagnostic problems. To evaluate the clinical course of coeliac disease in children hospitalized in the Department of Paediatrics at the Silesian Medical University in years 2003 to 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 88 children: 48 girls and 40 boys, aged from11 months to 18 years (mean age 8 years), in whom coeliac disease was diagnosed on the basis of the obligatory standards. The analysis included the age, clinical picture, abnormalities in laboratory and imaging tests, and coexisting diseases. RESULTS The coeliac disease was diagnosed in 42/88 (48%) school children, in 29/88 (33%) pre-school children, and the most rare in children under 3 years of age 17/88 (19.3%). Coeliac disease was slightly more common in girls (55%). In the clinical picture of school children body weight and/or height defi ciency and abdominal pains were the predominant symptoms, whereas in the youngest patients – chronic diarrhoea. CONCLUSION In this study we would like to draw attention to non-characteristic symptoms of coeliac disease, occurring particularly in school children and associated with diagnostic problems.W ostatnich latach obserwuje się zmieniający obraz kliniczny celiakii. U dzieci dominuje postać utajona oraz skąpoobjawowa, sprawiająca wiele problemów diagnostycznych. Celem pracy była ocena obrazu klinicznego celiakii u dzieci hospitalizowanych w Klinice Pediatrii Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w latach 2003–2008. MATERIAŁ I METODY Badaniami objęto 88 dzieci: 48 dziewczynek i 40 chłopców, w wieku od 11 miesięcy do 18 lat (średni wiek 8 lat), u których rozpoznano celiakię na podstawie obowiązujących standardów. W analizie uwzględniono wiek, objawy kliniczne, nieprawidłowości w badaniach laboratoryjnych i obrazowych oraz choroby współistniejące. WYNIKI Celiakię rozpoznano u 42/88 (48%) dzieci w wieku szkolnym, u 29/88 (33%) w wieku przedszkolnym, najrzadziej u dzieci poniżej 3 roku życia 17/88 (19,3%). Nieco częściej celiakia występowała u dziewczynek (55%). W obrazie klinicznym u dzieci w wieku szkolnym dominowały niedobór masy ciała i/lub wzrostu oraz bóle brzucha, a u najmłodszych pacjentów przewlekłe biegunki. WNIOSKI Objawy kliniczne celiakii występujące szczególnie u dzieci w wieku szkolnym są niecharakterystyczne, co przysparza trudności diagnostycznych

Serum Hepcidin Level as a Marker of Iron Status in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Introduction. Iron deficiency is common in patients with cystic fibrosis. Conventional iron status markers are often abnormal in patients with CF, reflecting inflammation and/or infection, rather than actual iron stores. The aim was to evaluate serum hepcidin levels against selected iron status markers, assuming that hepcidin may be a more sensitive indicator of iron management in patients with active inflammation, such as those with CF. Material and Methods. 46 children with cystic fibrosis and 31 healthy controls were enrolled. Hepcidin concentration was evaluated, along with the following other blood assays: full blood count, Fe, ferritin, transferrin, TIBC, liver markers, and CRP. Results. Higher ferritin and CRP levels as well as lower TIBC levels significantly predicted hepcidin levels in the study group, control group, and the entire sample. There was no significant difference in hepcidin levels between the patients and controls. Children with exacerbations had significantly higher hepcidin levels than those with stable disease. These findings support the serum hepcidin level as useful in assessing iron status in children with cystic fibrosis. It may also be useful in early detection and monitoring of treatment of exacerbations