Poland's refugee policy and Polish society between values of survival and self-expression

At the beginning of November 2015, the Polish government's decision to accept 6,800 refugees fleeing Syria and Eritrea created a fierce debate dividing Polish society. A poll conducted by the Polish Research Centre found that two-thirds of Poles oppose taking in refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. Thousands of protesters and counter-protesters gathered on the streets. It is difficult to draw the line dividing the pro-refugee Poles and those who are opposed to taking them in. This line does not run between political leaders and "ordinary" citizens as, in both groups, one can find a variety of attitudes. One of the major factors behind anti-migrant views is Poland's religious and ethnic homogeneity. This present state of affairs differs radically from the multinational, multicultural state of Poland as it existed up to the Second World War. Between the 15th and 17th centuries, while Europe was absorbed with religious turmoil, Poland was famous for religious tolerance and for being a sanctuary for many refugees escaping from persecution. Thus, have the Poles lost their spirit of tolerance and hospitality

Sleep quality and awareness of factors affecting insomnia among people over the age of 20

Introduction: The problem of insomnia affects many of us, but most of us are unaware of what factors affect the quality of our sleep. Insomnia is insufficient length, or unsatisfactory quality of sleep. Health consequences of insomnia may be m.in .: problems in daily functioning manifested by difficulties in remembering, impaired concentration, reduced immunity, which increases the possibility of multiple somatic diseases. Objective of the work: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of insomnia and its determinants in a selected group of people over the age of 20. Material and methods : The research was covered by 119 people from different social groups over the age of 20 years old. The study was made by using a diagnostic survey of the author's questionnaire. Used for statistical analysis chi-kwardat Pearson. Results and conclusions: The analysis of the data shows that people surveyed insomnia is a very common phenomenon. Unfortunately, factors affecting Insomnie are not underestimated by. Both individuals living in rural 65.55% and urban 34.45% suffer from sleep disorders. As many as 39.50% of respondents confirmed the difficulty in falling asleep, which are among the factors insomnia

Transnational dimensions of Iranian cinema : "accented films" by Mohsen Makhmalbaf

Iranian film director Mohsen Makhmalbaf left Iran in 2005 shortly after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The artist underwent a multiphase evolution away from the supporter of Islamic regime in the early 1980s to cosmopolitan internationally acclaimed auteur. Finally, he became not only a dissident filmmaker but also a political dissident in the aftermath of 2009 presidential election. As exile wears on, Makhmalbaf became postnational filmmaker, making a variety of "accented films". Not all the consequences of internationalization are positive - to be successful in transnational environment he has to face much larger competition and the capitalist market. Having in mind the categories of displaced Iranian directors distinguished by Hamid Naficy - exilic, diasporic, émigré, ethnic, cosmopolitan - I would like to find out which one of them applies to Mohsen Makhmalbaf's life and work. I also will focus on the following questions: To what extent the censorship of Makhmalbaf's artistic activity was a reason for his migration? how are migratory experiences expressed in his movies? What features of "the accented cinema" his movies are manifesting? I would argue that the experience of migration and the transnationality was the characteristic feature of Makhmalbaf's his work long before leaving the home country. It can be said that regardless this stylistic diversity, all of Makhmalbaf's movies made abroad can be described as the example of "accented cinema" which comprises different types of cinema made by exilic and diasporic filmmakers who live and work in countries other than their country of origin

Legal and Social Discourse of Matrimony in Selected N-Town Cycle Plays

The Marriage of Mary and Joseph, Joseph’s Doubt and The Trial of Mary and Joseph are fifteenth-century pageants from the cycle known as The N-Town Plays (or Ludus Coventriae). The first centres on legal and social controversies surrounding the upcoming marriage of Joseph and Mary. The second revolves around Mary’s supposed adultery whereas in the third Mary is publicly accused of breaking marriage vows and Joseph of harbouring the alleged offender. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, first of all, why the marriage of Mary and Joseph is regarded as legally valid, even though it does not fulfil the requirement of marital intercourse or social obligation of giving birth. Secondly, the argument will move on to the possible reasons behind such a nigh sacrilegious representation of the Holy Couple and the undermining of its pure character with legal objections and subsequent accusations of lewd conduct. Lastly, the paper will provide an explanation as to why this borderline heretical dramatization was accepted by both society and the Ecclesia. Additionally, it will elucidate the medieval society’s tendency to equate the nature of earthly verdicts with divine law and the influence of this tendency on the plays’ reception. The method of analysis will be based chiefly on a comparison of all three plays with the codes of medieval canon law, such as Gratian’s Decretum, works of Doctors of the Church, late medieval marriage treatises composed by bishops and theologians and additional twentieth-century studies.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

The hues of children’s imagination or, on the importance of vividness in a child’s perception (Kornei Chukovsky’s poem “Tarakanishche” and its Polish translation)

In the following article the author’s aim is to analyze how originals and translations influence the reader’s imagination. In fact, an average reader’s imaginative potential cannot be verified by any means available to a linguist. However, imagination is affected by images created by linguistic units embedded in a text. The article brings an attempt at identifying those elements of the original and translation that have the potential to activate colours and tints in a child’s imagination. Then, the author gauges whether the impressions made by the texts in this respect are comparable or different. The research material is a poem by Kornei Chukovsky, “Tarakanishche” (“Cock-the-Roach”), and its Polish translation, “Karaluszysko”. The analysis carried out leads to the conclusion that the target text contains elements that can affect the young reader’s imagination more strongly. This is the result of using exclamatory sentences, emotionally loaded vocabulary, sensory words and more detailed imagery. The greater complexity of the images in the translation creates more vivid mental pictures and potentially leads to a slightly different reception.Zaprezentowany artykuł został poświęcony badaniu jednostek językowych, które potencjalnie mogą wpłynąć na wyobraźnię dziecka jako odbiorcy tekstu literackiego. Materiałem analizy jest wiersz K. Czukowskiego Тараканище oraz jego przekład na język polski – Karaluszysko. Badanie bogactwa i siły wyobraźni dziecka, która nie zna granic, jest niemożliwe przy wykorzystaniu narzędzi językoznawczych. Jednak analiza zawartości leksykalnej tekstu literackiego pozwala na wyekscerpowanie takich jednostek, które w sposób bezpośredni mogą oddziaływać na emocje dziecka. Porównanie badanych tekstów pozwoliło na wniosek, że tekst przekładu może znacznie silniej wpłynąć na wyobraźnię niedorosłego odbiorcy. Potencjał taki mają m.in. zdania wykrzyknikowe, leksyka nacechowana emocjonalnie oraz leksyka o charakterze sensorycznym. Pod ich wpływem „kolory” dziecięcej wyobraźni stają się bardziej wyraziste

BOTTLING INDUSTRY IN POLAND – THE PRESENT CONDITION AND PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT

The aim of this article is an attempt to identify potential perspectives for a development of the bottling sector in Poland under the conditions of changing market economy. The article’s character is strictly theoretical. The basis for analysis consist of statistical market data of marketing nature and internal materials of entities operating in the sector. Different trends that shape social and global consumer behaviors on market, such as care for a healthy lifestyle, respect for the environment, sustainable development, health-focused activity - these are needs that consumers will tend to satisfy in the near future, buying various items, including beverages.The aim of this article is an attempt to identify potential perspectives for a development of the bottling sector in Poland under the conditions of changing market economy. The article’s character is strictly theoretical. The basis for analysis consist of statistical market data of marketing nature and internal materials of entities operating in the sector. Different trends that shape social and global consumer behaviors on market, such as care for a healthy lifestyle, respect for the environment, sustainable development, health-focused activity - these are needs that consumers will tend to satisfy in the near future, buying various items, including beverages

Effect of phospholipid and (phospho)lipase modification on interfacial properties of oil/water emulsion

This review paper focused on the effect of typical phosphorlipid (or lecithin) and enzyme modification on electrokinetic parameters of oil/water emulsion. Physicochemical properties of the systems were investigated taking into account the effective diameter of the droplets as well as the zeta potentials using the dynamic light scattering technique. The effect of phospholipid and phospholipase modification on interfacial properties of o/w emulsion was examined as a function of temperature, pH and ionic strength (effect of Na+ or Ca2+ ions which occur in the physiological fluids). The particular role of Ca2+ ions in the dispersions with zwitterionic phospholipids (the main components of biological membrane) was confirmed.The phospholipids dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, DOPC having the same headgroup bound to the apolar tail composed of two saturated or unsaturated chains were used as stabilizing agents. The effective diameters do not always correlate with the zeta potentials. A possible reason for such behaviour might a mechanism different from the electrostatic stabilization. Phospholipids and their mixtures (e.g. lecithin) may undergo spontaneous aggregation in aqueous solution and selforganize into liposomes, which possess different sizes and surface affinities. These unique behaviours of phospholipid dispersion can be controlled using the investigated parameters. These findings are expected to increase in importance as phospholipid systems see more use in self-assembly applications.The other aim of the paper was the comparison of the enzyme phospholipase influence on lipid hydrolysis in the o/w emulsion environment. The work is the study which presents the twofold effect of ethanol dipoles on phosholipid hydrolysis. It is believed that the enzyme effect on the phospholipid aggregation behaviour at the oil-water interface will be helpful for understanding differentbiological phenomena