Effectiveness of carbon dioxide in compressed gas or solid formulation for the control of insects and mites in stored wheat and barley

Le bioxyde de carbone peut être utilisé comme un fumigant efficace des grains entreposés dans des mini-silos relativement étanches. Du CO2 a été ajouté à du blé (Triticum aestivum) sous forme de gaz comprimé, ainsi qu'à de l'orge (Hordeum vulgare) sous forme solide (glace sèche) dans des amas de grains de 322 kg. Le blé a été entreposé à une température passant de 18 à 10°C au cours d'une période de 12 semaines. Les mini-réservoirs de blé ont été laissés ouverts, scellés sans ajout de C02 ou avec ajout de C02, à des concentrations de 25, 34 ou 46%. L'orge a été entreposé à une température passant de 25 à 20°C au cours d'une période de 8 semaines. Les mini-silos d'orge ont été laissés ouverts, scellés sans ajout de C02 ou avec ajout de C02, à des concentrations de 23, 29 ou 34%. Les teneurs en humidité du blé et de l'orge ont été de 14,5- 16,3% et de 14,5-16,1%, respectivement. Les teneurs en O2 du blé ont reflété le déplacement de l'air par le C02; cependant les niveaux plus faibles de C02 dans l'orge ont reflété une combinaison du déplacement de l'air par le C02 et de l'utilisation d'O2 pour la respiration des grains et des microorganismes aux températures plus élevées. Les insectes Cryptolestes ferrugineuset Tribolium castaneum ont été réprimés en 2 semaines à 34% de C02 et 15% d'02 à une température passant de 18 à 10°C, ou à 29% de C02 et 3% d'02 à une température passant de 25 à 20°C. Les acariens Tarsonemus granarius, Lepidoglyphus destructor et Aeroglyphus robustus ont été réprimés en moins de 2 semaines à ces concentrations de C02. La germination des grains et la microflore n'ont pas été affectées par tous ces environnements gazeux.Carbon dioxide can be used as an effective stored-grain fumigant in relatively air-tight bins. Carbon dioxide was added to wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a compressed gas and to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as a solid (dry ice) in 322-kg grain bulks. Wheat was stored at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C over a 12-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 supplemented at 25,34, and 46% levels. Barley was stored at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C over an 8-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 treatments of 23, 29, and 34%. The wheat and barley moisture content were 14.5-16.3% and 14.5-16.1%, respectively. Oxygen levels in the wheat reflected air displacement with C02, but lower O2 levels in the barley reflected a combination of air displacement by C02 and consumption of O2 by respiring grain and microorganisms at the warmer temperatures. The insects Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum were controlled in 2 wk at 34% C02 and 15% O2 at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C, or 29% C02 and 3% O2 at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C. The mites Tarsonemus granarius, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Aeroglyphus robustus were killed in less than 2 wk at these C02 levels. Seed germination and microflora were unaffected by all gaseous environments

Impact of pirimiphos-methyl and cold temperatures on arthropod populations in stored wheat

Appliqué à une concentration moyenne de 6,4 mg m.a. kg-1 à 5 t de ble (Triticum aestivum) dans un grenier du sud du Manitoba, l'insecticide pyrimiphos-méthyl est resté actif pendant plus de 24 mo. La plupart des insectes et des acariens qui vivaient dans le grain traité n'ont pu survivre, à l'exception d'un psoque, Liposcelis sp., ainsi que les acariens Tarsonemus granarius et Aeroglyphus robustus, dont les populations ont été considérablement réduites par rapport à celles qui vivaient dans du blé non traité. À 1 m de profondeur, la concentration en résidus de l'insecticide a diminué de 52% en 12 mo, passant de 8,1 mg kg-1 à 4,0 mg kg-1 puis est restée stable jusqu'à la fin de la période de 24 mo. La teneur en humidité du grain à cette profondeur était constamment supérieure (plus de 14%) à celle mesurée en surface du blé, où les résidus sont demeurés à une concentration voisine de 4,5 mg kg-1 pendant les 24 mo. La température du blé fluctuait entre des maximums estivaux voisins de 23°C et des minimums hivernaux de près de -40°C à la surface du blé. Après 24 mo d'entreposage, du blé traité a été contaminé avec des adultes du Tribolium castaneum; le taux de mortalité observé a été d'environ 80%. Des populations de T. castaneum ou de Rhyzopertha dominica introduites dans 5 t de blé non traité ne se sont pas établies; de petites populations de Cryptolestes ferrugineus se sont établies, mais elles ont été éliminées par le froid. Les populations de Liposcelis sp. et des acariens A robustus, T. granarius, Blattisocius keegani et de Cheyletus eruditus étaient les plus élevées à la fin de l'été et en automne. La germination des grains et la microflore n'ont pas été directement affectées par le pyrimiphos-méthyl. La lente décomposition de cet insecticide dans le grain empêcherait des communautés d'arthropodes de se développer autant que dans un écosystème constitué de blé entreposé et non traité sur une période de 24 mo.The insecticide pirimiphos-methyl applied at a mean concentration of 6.4 mg a.i. kg 1 to 5t of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a farm granary in southern Manitoba remained active over 24 mo. Most insects and mites in the treated grain could not survive except a psocid, Liposcelis sp., and the mites Tarsonemus granarius and Aeroglyphus robustus, and their populations were sharply reduced relative to those in a bulk of untreated wheat. Insecticide residues at a 1-m depth decreased ca. 52% in 12 mo from 8.1 mg kg-1 to 4.0 mg kg-1, then remained constant until 24 mo. Grain moisture content (MC) at this depth was consistently higher (over 14% MC) than at the top of the wheat bulk where residues remained near 4.5 mg kg-1 over 24 mo. Grain temperatures fluctuated from summer maxima near 23°C to winter minima near -40°C at the bulk surface. Bioassay of treated wheat with adult Tribolium castaneum after 24 mo of storage resulted in about 80% mortality. Populations of T castaneum or Rhyzopertha dominica introduced into 5 t of untreated wheat did not become established; small populations of Cryptolestes ferrugineus were established but were eliminated by winter cold. Populations of Liposcelis sp. and the mites A. robustus, T. granarius, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus were highest in late summer and autumn. Seed germination and microflora were not directly affected by pirimiphos-methyl. The slow rate of degradation of this insecticide in grain would prevent communities of arthropods from developing to the same extent as in an untreated stored-wheat ecosystem over 24 mo

What is a better impact message of bean research in Africa: farm productivity or land conservation?

Discussion of bean research to promote both increased productivity and land conservation in Africa

Movement of grain to control stored-product insects and mites

Des grains entreposés furent brassés à l'aide d'une vis sans fin ou d'un transporteur pneumatique pour déterminer les effets d'un tel procédé dans la lutte contre les insectes et les acariens. Au cours d'un essai pilote, on a utilisé neuf cellules métalliques soudées contenant chacune 322 kg de blé (Triticum aestivum). Dans trois cellules, on a déplacé le grain au moyen d'une vis sans fin : on a constaté un taux de mortalité de 89 % des insectes adultes pour les triboliums rouges de la farine (Tribolium castaneum) et de 94% des insectes adultes pour le cucujide roux (Cryptolestes ferrugineus). Le taux de mortalité des larves, mesuré en plaçant des échantillons de céréales dans les entonnoirs Berlese, était de 100%. Le déplacement pneumatique des céréales dans trois cellules a résulté en un taux de mortalité de 100% (espèces d'insectes et stades de maturité confondus), que l'on a mesuré à l'aide d'une sonde à grain et de pièges à insectes. Sur le terrain, on a procédé à des essais dans des cellules en bois contenant du blé et du maïs (Zea mays) infestés. Le contenu des cellules a été chargé dans un camion par un transporteur pneumatique, puis transvidé à la main dans les cellules métalliques soudées. On a effectué un test parallèle sur du blé et du maïs en utilisant une vis à tarière pour déplacer les céréales. Dans le cas du blé, le déplacement pneumatique a tué 100 % des acariens (Aeroglyphus robustus), des T. castaneum adultes et larves et des C. ferrugineus adultes. Le taux de mortalité des larves de C. ferrugineus et des psocoptères était respectivement de 79 % et de 83 %. Le déplacement du blé à la vis sans fin a tué 98 % des acariens, et respectivement 84 et 70 % des adultes et des larves chez T. castaneum, et 14 et 0 % chez C. ferrugineus. Le déplacement pneumatique du maïs a détruit 97 % des T. castaneum adultes, 73% des C. ferrugineus adultes et 100% des Cartodere constricta. Le déplacement du maïs à la vis sans fin a donné une mortalité des insectes inférieure à celle obtenue avec le déplacement pneumatique. Le déplacement pneumatique des céréales, en particulier du blé, est un moyen physique efficace de lutter contre les espèces communes d'insectes infestant les produits entreposés.The movement of stored grain by auger or pneumatic conveyor was evaluated for control of stored-product insects and mites. In a pilot scale test using nine welded steel bins each holding 322 kg of wheat (Triticum aestivum), movement of grain using an auger in three bins caused 89% mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum adults and 94% mortality of rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus adults. Larval mortality of both species, based on grain samples placed in Berlese funnels, was 100%. Pneumatic conveyance of grain in three bins caused 100% mortality of all stages of both insects based on grain samples and grain-probe insect traps. In field tests, infested wooden bins of wheat and corn (Zea mays) were moved by pneumatic conveyor to a truck and then hand-poured into welded steel bins. A parallel test on wheat and corn was done using a screw auger to move the grain. Pneumatic wheat movement killed 100% of mites (Aeroglyphus robustus), T. castaneum adults and larvae, and C. ferrugineus adults. Mortality of C. ferrugineus larvae and psocids was 79% and 83%, respectively. Augering wheat killed 98% of mites, 84% T. castaneum adults, 70% T. castaneum larvae, 14% C. ferrugineus adults, and 0% C. ferrugineus larvae. Pneumatic movement of corn killed 97% T. castaneum adults, 72% C. ferrugineus adults and 100% of the fungus beetle Cartodere constricta. Augering corn had less effects than pneumatic movement on insect mortality. Pneumatic conveyance of grain, especially wheat, offers an effective physical control for common stored-product insects

Toxic action of phosphine on the adults of copra mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae [Astigmata : Acaridae]

Nous avons mesuré chez des cirons des champignons ( Tyrophagus putrescentiae) adultes l'absorption de phosphine et étudié in vivo et in vitro les effets inhibiteurs de ce gaz sur la cytochrome C-oxydase et la catalase. Nous avons constaté que la phosphine a réduit l'activité des deux enzymes, les valeurs d'inhibition relative des enzymes pouvant être décrites comme suit : catalase in vivo > catalase in vitro, cytochrome C-oxydase in vivo in vitro catalase, in vivo cytochrome C oxidase < in vitro cytochrome C oxidase, and the inhibition effects of in vitro enzymes were proportional to the exposure period of phosphine applied to the cytosolic extracts. Although the uptake of phosphine by adults increased with an increase of phosphine concentration and exposure period, the rate of uptake was relatively slower than at low concentration and short exposure period. The absorption mechanism of phosphine between insects and mites appears to be different

PTU-112 Incidence and predictors of buried bumper syndrome following gastrostomy insertion: a systematic review

Introduction Gastrostomies are widely used to provide enteral nutrition support. Buried Bumper Syndrome (BBS) is a recognised complication seen following gastrostomy insertion, describing the migration of the internal bumper along the stoma tract towards the skin. The consequences of BBS can be fatal. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge about the incidence and predictors of BBS, which is addressed in this study by systematically reviewing the medical literature. Method A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines (PRISMA). Four databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science) were utilised, and studies identified by searching for key terms relating to gastrostomy and BBS (Jan 1980 -Dec 2016). Unpublished studies were identified from conference abstract booklets. Two independent reviewers screened studies to identify those that included description of adult patients with BBS. Data was extracted relating to patient demographics, incidence, time to presentation and factors associated with BBS. Results 434 studies were initially identified (database search and grey literature). Of these, 299 (68.9%) were excluded following screening review of title and abstract (Kappa coefficient of reviewers=0.753). Of the remaining 135 studies, 85 met inclusion criteria (35 case studies, 11 case series and 39 cohort studies). No controlled trials were retrieved. In total, 16 627 patients were described post gastrostomy placement. 473 cases of BBS were reported in the literature, giving a pooled estimate incidence of 2.8% (0.46%–8.80%). The median age of presentation was 66 years, with 59.1% being in males. BBS was most frequently associated with gastrostomy tubes with thinner internal bumpers (40.7% of all reported cases), however reporting bias may have heavily influenced this outcome. The time to BBS presentation ranged from 3 days to 7 years. Common predictors of BBS reported in the literature include tight external bumpers and increased external traction made directly by the patient or during gastrostomy care. Conclusion This is the first study to systematically review the incidence of Buried Bumper syndrome and assess factors predicting its development. The paucity of high quality studies identified in this systematic review, provides the impetus to develop a national gastrostomy registry accurately assessing gastrostomy outcomes. Healthcare professionals, patients and their caregivers need to be appropriately educated about BBS, considering factors such as tightness of external bumpers and minimising external traction

A feasibility study of indocyanine green fluorescence mapping for sentinel lymph node detection in cutaneous melanoma

Objectives: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is standard of care for staging regional LN in AJCC stage IB-IIC melanoma; using dual localization with radiolabelled colloid and blue dye. Combining these gives optimal accuracy; drawbacks include cumulative radiation exposure for healthcare workers, coordination between disciplines and anaphylaxis. An alternative tracer agent is indocyanine green (ICG); an optical enhancer that fluoresces in the near infrared range. This prospective cohort study assesses the feasibility of using ICG as a tracer agent to detect SLN in cutaneous melanoma. Methods: Primary melanoma patients diagnosed with pT1b-pT4b tumours undergoing SLNB were recruited over a 6-month period at a tertiary referral centre. All underwent standard preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) using 20-40MBq of Tc99radiolabelled nanocolloid plus intraoperative Patent Blue dye (PBD). ICG was administered as a third tracer agent intraoperatively. Results: 62 patients (33M/29F) were recruited; median age was 61 years. Median melanoma Breslow thickness was 1.6mm. 144 specimens containing 135 SLN were excised. Concordance rate for all 3 tracer agents was 88.1%(119/135 LN); that for radioisotope/PBD was 88.2%(95%CI:82.2,93.7). There were no discordance pairs between radioisotope/PBD compared to radioisotope/PBD/ICG. Radioisotope/ICG significantly increased the sensitivity of detecting SLN to 98.5%(95%CI:94.8,99.8); p<0.00001 compared to radioisotope/PBD. Concordance rate of intraoperative ICG drainage pattern with LSG was 22.6%. Conclusion: ICG utilization showed comparable sensitivity with gold standard. Technical challenges e.g. ICG leakage into biopsy field, poor concordance with LSG limits its efficacy in melanoma SLNB. We therefore do not recommend replacing current practice with ICG alone or by using a combination with TC99

The power of quantum systems on a line

We study the computational strength of quantum particles (each of finite dimensionality) arranged on a line. First, we prove that it is possible to perform universal adiabatic quantum computation using a one-dimensional quantum system (with 9 states per particle). This might have practical implications for experimentalists interested in constructing an adiabatic quantum computer. Building on the same construction, but with some additional technical effort and 12 states per particle, we show that the problem of approximating the ground state energy of a system composed of a line of quantum particles is QMA-complete; QMA is a quantum analogue of NP. This is in striking contrast to the fact that the analogous classical problem, namely, one-dimensional MAX-2-SAT with nearest neighbor constraints, is in P. The proof of the QMA-completeness result requires an additional idea beyond the usual techniques in the area: Not all illegal configurations can be ruled out by local checks, so instead we rule out such illegal configurations because they would, in the future, evolve into a state which can be seen locally to be illegal. Our construction implies (assuming the quantum Church-Turing thesis and that quantum computers cannot efficiently solve QMA-complete problems) that there are one-dimensional systems which take an exponential time to relax to their ground states at any temperature, making them candidates for being one-dimensional spin glasses.Comment: 21 pages. v2 has numerous corrections and clarifications, and most importantly a new author, merged from arXiv:0705.4067. v3 is the published version, with additional clarifications, publisher's version available at http://www.springerlink.co