5,296 research outputs found
Inflation with a graceful exit in a random landscape
We develop a stochastic description of small-field inflationary histories
with a graceful exit in a random potential whose Hessian is a Gaussian random
matrix as a model of the unstructured part of the string landscape. The
dynamical evolution in such a random potential from a small-field inflation
region towards a viable late-time de Sitter (dS) minimum maps to the dynamics
of Dyson Brownian motion describing the relaxation of non-equilibrium
eigenvalue spectra in random matrix theory. We analytically compute the
relaxation probability in a saddle point approximation of the partition
function of the eigenvalue distribution of the Wigner ensemble describing the
mass matrices of the critical points. When applied to small-field inflation in
the landscape, this leads to an exponentially strong bias against small-field
ranges and an upper bound on the number of light fields
participating during inflation from the non-observation of negative spatial
curvature.Comment: Published versio
Towards Natural Inflation in String Theory
We provide type IIB string embeddings of two axion variants of natural
inflation. We use a combination of RR 2 form axions as the inflaton field and
have its potential generated by non perturbative effects in the superpotential.
Besides giving rise to inflation, the models developed take into account the
stabilization of the compact space, both in the KKLT and large volume scenario
regimes, an essential condition for any semi-realistic model of string
inflation.Comment: LaTeX, 1+26 pages, 2 figures; v2: added refs; v3: corrected a LaTeX
problem, where v2 refs were compiled with v1 tex fil
Starobinsky-Type Inflation from -Corrections
Working in the Large Volume Scenario (LVS) of IIB Calabi-Yau flux
compactifications, we construct inflationary models from recently computed
higher derivative -corrections. Inflation is driven by a Kaehler
modulus whose potential arises from the aforementioned corrections, while we
use the inclusion of string loop effects just to ensure the existence of a
graceful exit when necessary. The effective inflaton potential takes a
Starobinsky-type form , where we obtain one set-up
with and one with corresponding to inflation
occurring for increasing or decreasing respectively. The inflationary
observables are thus in perfect agreement with PLANCK, while the two scenarios
remain observationally distinguishable via slightly varying predictions for the
tensor-to-scalar ratio . Both set-ups yield . They hence realise inflation with moderately large fields
without saturating the Lyth
bound. Control over higher corrections relies in part on tuning underlying
microscopic parameters, and in part on intrinsic suppressions. The intrinsic
part of control arises as a leftover from an approximate effective shift
symmetry at parametrically large volume.Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures; v2: clarifications and refs adde
More than one way to see it: Individual heuristics in avian visual computation
Comparative pattern learning experiments investigate how different species find regularities in sensory input, providing insights into cognitive processing in humans and other animals. Past research has focused either on one species’ ability to process pattern classes or different species’ performance in recognizing the same pattern, with little attention to individual and species-specific heuristics and decision strategies. We trained and tested two bird species, pigeons (Columba livia) and kea (Nestor notabilis, a parrot species), on visual patterns using touch-screen technology. Patterns were composed of several abstract elements and had varying degrees of structural complexity. We developed a model selection paradigm, based on regular expressions, that allowed us to reconstruct the specific decision strategies and cognitive heuristics adopted by a given individual in our task. Individual birds showed considerable differences in the number, type and heterogeneity of heuristic strategies adopted. Birds’ choices also exhibited consistent species-level differences. Kea adopted effective heuristic strategies, based on matching learned bigrams to stimulus edges. Individual pigeons, in contrast, adopted an idiosyncratic mix of strategies that included local transition probabilities and global string similarity. Although performance was above chance and quite high for kea, no individual of either species provided clear evidence of learning exactly the rule used to generate the training stimuli. Our results show that similar behavioral outcomes can be achieved using dramatically different strategies and highlight the dangers of combining multiple individuals in a group analysis. These findings, and our general approach, have implications for the design of future pattern learning experiments, and the interpretation of comparative cognition research more generally
Just enough inflation: power spectrum modifications at large scales
We show that models of `just enough' inflation, where the slow-roll evolution
lasted only e-foldings, feature modifications of the CMB power spectrum
at large angular scales. We perform a systematic and model-independent analysis
of any possible non-slow-roll background evolution prior to the final stage of
slow-roll inflation. We find a high degree of universality since most common
backgrounds like fast-roll evolution, matter or radiation-dominance give rise
to a power loss at large angular scales and a peak together with an oscillatory
behaviour at scales around the value of the Hubble parameter at the beginning
of slow-roll inflation. Depending on the value of the equation of state
parameter, different pre-inflationary epochs lead instead to an enhancement of
power at low-, and so seem disfavoured by recent observational hints for
a lack of CMB power at . We also comment on the importance of
initial conditions and the possibility to have multiple pre-inflationary
stages.Comment: 31 pages, 13 figure
Clustering of microswimmers: Interplay of shape and hydrodynamics
The spatiotemporal dynamics in systems of active self-propelled particles is
controlled by the propulsion mechanism in combination with various direct
interactions, such as steric repulsion, hydrodynamics, and chemical fields.
Yet, these direct interactions are typically anisotropic, and come in different
'flavors', such as spherical and elongated particle shapes for steric
repulsion, pusher and puller flow fields for hydrodynamics, etc. The
combination of the various aspects is expected to lead to new emergent
behavior. However, it is a priori not evident whether shape and hydrodynamics
act synergistically or antagonistically to generate motility-induced clustering
(MIC) and phase separation (MIPS). We employ a model of prolate spheroidal
microswimmers - called squirmers - in quasi-two-dimensional confinement to
address this issue by mesoscale hydrodynamic simulations. For comparison,
non-hydrodynamic active Brownian particles (ABPs) are considered to elucidate
the contribution of hydrodynamic interactions on MIC and MIPS. For spherical
particles, the comparison between ABP and hydrodynamic-squirmer ensembles
reveals a suppression of MIPS due to hydrodynamic interactions. The fundamental
difference between ABPs and squirmers is attributed to an increased
reorientation of squirmers by hydrodynamic torques during their collisions. In
contrast, for elongated squirmers, hydrodynamics interactions enhance MIPS.
Thus, hydrodynamic interactions show opposing effects on MIPS for spherical and
elongated microswimmers
Infrared Observations of Eta Carinae
Eta Carinae is a non-stellar object less than 5" in diameter seen projected on a region
of dense nebulosity. Spectroscopic observations, reviewed by Rodgers and Searle (1967)
and Aller (1966) have shown strong emission lines superimposed on a smooth continuum.
This continuum contributes about 60 per cent of the visual energy and rises
steeply into the infrared; no entirely satisfactory mechanism for producing this radiation
has been proposed. In this Letter photometric data which extend the continuum observations
to 1.65, 2.2, and 3.4 μ are presented
Unravelling reaction products of styrene oxide adsorbed on Ag(111) using REMPI-assisted temperature-programmed desorption.
Adsorption of styrene oxide on Ag(111) at 200 K leads to the formation of a stable oxametallacycle by ring-opening of the epoxide. At elevated temperatures, the oxametallacycle reacts and the products desorb from the surface. We employ resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-ToF-MS) to identify reaction products after desorption. We assign phenylacetaldehyde as the only product that desorbs at temperatures around 485 K
Disentangling the - Duality
Motivated by UV realisations of Starobinsky-like inflation models, we study
generic exponential plateau-like potentials to understand whether an exact
-formulation may still be obtained when the asymptotic shift-symmetry of
the potential is broken for larger field values. Potentials which break the
shift symmetry with rising exponentials at large field values only allow for
corresponding -descriptions with a leading order term with
, regardless of whether the duality is exact or approximate. The
-term survives as part of a series expansion of the function and
thus cannot maintain a plateau for all field values. We further find a lean and
instructive way to obtain a function describing -inflation
which breaks the shift symmetry with a monomial, and corresponds to effectively
logarithmic corrections to an model. These examples emphasise that
higher order terms in -theory may not be neglected if they are present at
all. Additionally, we relate the function corresponding to chaotic
inflation to a more general Jordan frame set-up. In addition, we consider
-duals of two given UV examples, both from supergravity and string
theory. Finally, we outline the CMB phenomenology of these models which show
effects of power suppression at low-.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figures; v2: added refs, 1 figure, and minor
clarifications; to appear in JCA
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