1,002 research outputs found
Det biologiske grunnlaget for kognitiv kontroll : en studie med hjernemorfometri, diffusion tensor imaging og error-related negativity
Bakgrunn: Kognitive kontrollfunksjoner involverer vidt distribuerte nevrale nettverk i hjernen. Disse bestÄr av differensierte kortikale omrÄder samt fiberbanene som forbinder dem. Det har ikke vÊrt studert hvordan variasjon i kortikal tykkelse og integriteten til underliggende hvitsubstans kan predikere kognitiv funksjon. I denne studien ble hjernemorfometri og hvitsubstansintegritet brukt for Ä predikere kognitive kontrollfunksjoner, operasjonalisert bÄde ved hjelp av hendelsesrelaterte potensialer (ERP) og nevropsykologiske atferdstester. Metode: En gruppe middelaldrende friske deltakere (n = 105, alder = 40-60 Är) gjennomgikk strukturell magnetisk resonanstomografi (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), en ERP-oppgave som utlÞste event-related negativity (ERN) ved gale responser og sju nevropsykologiske tester relatert til tre ulike kontrollfunksjoner: inhibisjon, oppdatering og skifting. ERN-amplityde og skÄrer pÄ de tre kontrolldimensjonene ble korrelert med kortikal tykkelse og fraksjonell anisotropi (FA) kalkulert fra DTI-opptakene. Resultater: De tre kognitive kontrolldimensjonene viste lave interkorrelasjoner, og ingen korrelasjon med ERN, noe som indikerer at de reflekterer ulike funksjoner. Analyser av sammenhengen mellom mÄl pÄ kognitiv kontroll og kortikal tykkelse avdekket effekter i spesifikke omrÄder av hjernebarken. ERN korrelerte negativt med tykkelse bilateralt i anterior cingulate, og viste en opphopning av voksler som korrelerte positivt med konnektivitet i den underliggende hvitsubstansen. Inhibisjon korrelerte positivt med tykkelse medialt frontalt i venstre hemisfÊre, og viste opphopning av voksler med negative korrelasjoner med konnektivitet i cingulum. Skifting korrelerte negativt med tykkelse temporalt og frontalt, og viste opphopning av voksler med positive korrelasjoner med konnektivitet i forceps frontalis og occipitalis. Oppdatering korrelerte negativt med tykkelse dorsolateralt frontalt og positivt med global konnektivitet. Konklusjon: Konvergerende evidens fra ulike metoder indikerer at kognitive kontrollfunksjoner i ulik grad er sensitive for makro- og mikroanatomisk variasjon i hjernestruktur hos friske personer. Effektene var imidlertid ikke sterke, og retningen pÄ flere av sammenhengene var overraskende. Det diskuteres generelt i hvilken grad strukturelle variabler kan forventes Ä predikere variasjon i kognitive kontrollfunksjoner hos friske deltakere, og det mulige nevrobiologiske grunnlaget for slike sammenhenger
Short report: COVID-19-related anxiety is associated with mental health problems among adults with rare disorders
Background For adults with rare disorders, COVID-19 can be more severe and deadlier. This may lead to anxiety about COVID-19 among adults with rare disorders, including worries about being infected. COVID-19 anxiety is linked with mental health problems in the general population. Aims To examine the levels of mental health problems and COVID-19 anxiety, and their association, among adults with rare disorders. Methods and procedures Adults with rare disorders (N = 58, Mage = 45.2 years, SDâ=â12.7, 69.0% females, 31.0% males) answered standardized mental health and COVID-19 anxiety questionnaires online. Their scores were compared with samples without rare disorders. Outcomes and results Mental health problems were higher than in a sample without rare disorders (effect size dâ=â1.14), as was COVID-19 anxiety (effect size dâ=â0.53). COVID-19 anxiety correlated significantly with mental health problems (r = .46). Controlling for age, gender, and work status, COVID-19 anxiety explained 16.1% of the variance in mental health problems (ÎR2â=â.161, p = .001). Conclusions and implications COVID-19 anxiety is higher than norms and associated with mental health problems for adults with rare disorders. During the pandemic, clinicians are recommended to assess COVID-19 anxiety for patients with rare disorders.publishedVersio
The maternal brain: Regionâspecific patterns of brain aging are traceable decades after childbirth
Pregnancy involves maternal brain adaptations, but little is known about how parity influences women's brain aging trajectories later in life. In this study, we replicated previous findings showing less apparent brain aging in women with a history of childbirths, and identified regional brain aging patterns linked to parity in 19,787 middleâ and olderâaged women. Using novel applications of brainâage prediction methods, we found that a higher number of previous childbirths were linked to less apparent brain aging in striatal and limbic regions. The strongest effect was found in the accumbensâa key region in the mesolimbic reward system, which plays an important role in maternal behavior. While only prospective longitudinal studies would be conclusive, our findings indicate that subcortical brain modulations during pregnancy and postpartum may be traceable decades after childbirth
History of childbirths relates to region-specific brain aging patterns in middle and older-aged women
Pregnancy involves maternal brain adaptations, but little is known about how parity influences womenâs brain aging trajectories later in life. In this study, we replicated previous findings showing less apparent brain aging in women with a history of childbirths, and identified regional brain aging patterns linked to parity in 19,787 middle and older-aged women. Using novel applications of brain-age prediction methods, we found that a higher number of previous childbirths was linked to less apparent brain aging in striatal and limbic regions. The strongest effect was found in the accumbens â a key region in the mesolimbic reward system, which plays an important role in maternal behavior. While only prospective longitudinal studies would be conclusive, our findings indicate that subcortical brain modulations during pregnancy and postpartum may be traceable decades after childbirth
Exposure Quality in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Youth Anxiety DisordersâPredictors and Associations with Outcomes
To optimize cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes for anxiety disorders in youth, more knowledge is needed about how specific CBT components work. Exposure to feared situations is an effective CBT component. However, there is little observation-based empirical research on how exposure relates to outcomes and other clinical variables. In a randomized controlled community clinic trial for youth with anxiety disorders, observers reliably rated exposure quality for 68 youths aged 8 to 15 years based on 118 videotaped sessions. The treatment program was the manual-based FRIENDS program. Three exposure quality elements (preparation, post-processing, and parent contribution to exposure) were examined in relation to pre-treatment demographic and clinical variables, outcomes, and youth- and therapist-rated alliance using multilevel hierarchical regression models. The outcomes were diagnostic recovery, clinical severity and anxiety symptoms change from pre- to post-treatment and one-year follow-up, and treatment dropout. The results showed that parent contribution to exposure was higher for boys and younger children. Parent contribution to exposure, but no other exposure element, was associated with a larger likelihood of diagnostic recovery and larger clinical severity reduction at one-year follow-up. Exposure quality was unrelated to outcomes at post-treatment, dropout, or alliance. We conclude that enhancing parent contribution to exposure during treatment could improve long-term outcomes after CBT for youth anxiety disorders. Exposure elements should be observed in larger samples to further examine their potential role for CBT outcomes.publishedVersio
Deviations from normative brain white and gray matter structure are associated with psychopathology in youth
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Parental internalizing symptoms as predictors of anxiety symptoms in clinic-referred children
Background:
Mothersâ and fathersâ internalizing symptoms may influence childrenâs anxiety symptoms differently.
Objective:
To explore the relationship between parental internalizing symptoms and childrenâs anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of children with anxiety disorders.
Method:
The sample was recruited through community mental health clinics for a randomized controlled anxiety treatment trial. At pre-intervention, children (n = 182), mothers (n = 165), and fathers (n = 72) reported childrenâs anxiety symptoms. Mothers and fathers also reported their own internalizing symptoms. The children were aged 8 to 15 years (Mage = 11.5 years, SD = 2.1, 52.2% girls) and all had a diagnosis of separation anxiety, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. We examined parental internalizing symptoms as predictors of child anxiety symptoms in multiple regression models.
Results:
Both mother and father rated internalizing symptoms predicted childrenâs self-rated anxiety levels (adj. R2 = 22.0%). Mother-rated internalizing symptoms predicted mother-rated anxiety symptoms in children (adj. R2 = 7.0%). Father-rated internalizing symptoms did not predict father-rated anxiety in children.
Conclusions:
Clinicians should incorporate parental level of internalizing symptoms in their case conceptualizations
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