201 research outputs found
On the Value of Wikipedia as a Gateway to the Web
By linking to external websites, Wikipedia can act as a gateway to the Web.
To date, however, little is known about the amount of traffic generated by
Wikipedia's external links. We fill this gap in a detailed analysis of usage
logs gathered from Wikipedia users' client devices. Our analysis proceeds in
three steps: First, we quantify the level of engagement with external links,
finding that, in one month, English Wikipedia generated 43M clicks to external
websites, in roughly even parts via links in infoboxes, cited references, and
article bodies. Official links listed in infoboxes have by far the highest
click-through rate (CTR), 2.47% on average. In particular, official links
associated with articles about businesses, educational institutions, and
websites have the highest CTR, whereas official links associated with articles
about geographical content, television, and music have the lowest CTR. Second,
we investigate patterns of engagement with external links, finding that
Wikipedia frequently serves as a stepping stone between search engines and
third-party websites, effectively fulfilling information needs that search
engines do not meet. Third, we quantify the hypothetical economic value of the
clicks received by external websites from English Wikipedia, by estimating that
the respective website owners would need to pay a total of $7--13 million per
month to obtain the same volume of traffic via sponsored search. Overall, these
findings shed light on Wikipedia's role not only as an important source of
information, but also as a high-traffic gateway to the broader Web ecosystem.Comment: The Web Conference WWW 2021, 12 page
The Effects of Close Companions (and Rotation) on the Magnetic Activity of M Dwarfs
We present a study of close white dwarf and M dwarf (WD+dM) binary systems
and examine the effect that a close companion has on the magnetic field
generation in M dwarfs. We use a base sample of 1602 white dwarf -- main
sequence binaries from Rebassa et al. to develop a set of color cuts in GALEX,
SDSS, UKIDSS, and 2MASS color space to construct a sample of 1756 WD+dM
high-quality pairs from the SDSS DR8 spectroscopic database. We separate the
individual WD and dM from each spectrum using an iterative technique that
compares the WD and dM components to best-fit templates. Using the absolute
height above the Galactic plane as a proxy for age, and the H{\alpha} emission
line as an indicator for magnetic activity, we investigate the age-activity
relation for our sample for spectral types \leqM7. Our results show that
early-type M dwarfs (\leqM4) in close binary systems are more likely to be
active and have longer activity lifetimes compared to their field counterparts.
However, at a spectral type of M5 (just past the onset of full convection in M
dwarfs), the activity fraction and lifetimes of WD+dM binary systems becomes
more comparable to that of the field M dwarfs. One of the implications of
having a close binary companion is presumed to be increased stellar rotation
through disk-disruption, tidal effects, or angular momentum exchange. Thus, we
interpret the similarity in activity behavior between late-type dMs in WD+dM
pairs and late-type field dMs to be due to a decrease in sensitivity in close
binary companions (or stellar rotation), which has implications for the nature
of magnetic activity in fully-convective stars. (Abridged)Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures, emulateapj style, accepted to Astronomical
Journal June 28, 201
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 1)
ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°, ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 300 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 0,29%, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ 0,56% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅) ΠΈ 0,13% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
. Π‘ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
(ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.) ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ.Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ.Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ACM Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ: Π’ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ. 2020.ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
: ΠΠ΅Π±-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ 2020 (WWWβ20), 20β24 Π°ΠΏΡ. 2020 Π³., Π’Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠΉ, Π’Π°ΠΉ-Π²Π°Π½Ρ. ACM, ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, Π‘Π¨Π. 12 ΡΡΡ. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380300
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 3)
Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipediaβs guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first analysis of readersβ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0,29% overall; 0,56% on desktop; 0,13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipediaβs role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°, ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 300 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 0,29%; Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ 0 ,56% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅) ΠΈ 0,13% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
. Π‘ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
(ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.) ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ.Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ACM Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ:Π’ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ. 2020.ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
: ΠΠ΅Π±-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ 2020 (WWWβ20), 20β24 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2020 Π³., Π’Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠΉ, Π’Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. ACM, ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, Π‘Π¨Π. 12 Ρ. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380300
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 4)
Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipediaβs guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first anal-ysis of readersβ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0.29% overall; 0.56% on desktop; 0.13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipediaβs role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°, ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·- ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
(ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.) ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ.Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² β Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π’Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ΅ (Π’Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°Π½Ρ) Π² Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ 2020 Π³. ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Arxive ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° (Π‘Π¨Π) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (cc-BY 4.0).Π‘ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΠ‘Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ:Π’ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ, 2020.ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
: ΠΠ΅Π±-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ 2020 (WWWβ20), 20β24 Π°ΠΏΡ. 2020 Π³., Π’Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠΉ, Π’Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ‘Π, ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ, Π‘Π¨Π. 12 Ρ.; https://doi.org/10/1145/3366423.3380300
The PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence
We describe the PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact-object
binary coalescences in advanced gravitational-wave detector data. The search
was used in the first Advanced LIGO observing run and unambiguously identified
two black hole binary mergers, GW150914 and GW151226. At its core, the PyCBC
search performs a matched-filter search for binary merger signals using a bank
of gravitational-wave template waveforms. We provide a complete description of
the search pipeline including the steps used to mitigate the effects of noise
transients in the data, identify candidate events and measure their statistical
significance. The analysis is able to measure false-alarm rates as low as one
per million years, required for confident detection of signals. Using data from
initial LIGO's sixth science run, we show that the new analysis reduces the
background noise in the search, giving a 30% increase in sensitive volume for
binary neutron star systems over previous searches.Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures, accepted by Classical and Quantum Gravit
2D Bismuthene as a Functional Interlayer between BiVO_{4} and NiFeOOH for Enhanced Oxygen-Evolution Photoanodes
BiVO_{4} has attracted wide attention for oxygen-evolution photoanodes in water-splitting photoelectrochemical devices. However, its performance is hampered by electron-hole recombination at surface states. Herein, partially oxidized two-dimensional (2D) bismuthene is developed as an effective, stable, functional interlayer between BiVO4 and the archetypal NiFeOOH co-catalyst. Comprehensive (photo)electrochemical and surface photovoltage characterizations show that NiFeOOH can effectively increase the lifetime of photogenerated holes by passivating hole trap states of BiVO_{4}; however, it is limited in influencing electron trap states related to oxygen vacancies (V_{O}). Loading bismuthene on BiVO_{4} photoanodes increases the density of V_{O} that are beneficial for the oxygen evolution reaction via the formation of oxy/hydroxyl-based water oxidation intermediates at the surface. Moreover, bismuthene increases interfacial band bending and fills the V_{O}-related electron traps, leading to more efficient charge extraction. With the synergistic interaction of bismuthene and NiFeOOH on BiVO_{4}, this composite photoanode achieves a 5.8-fold increase in photocurrent compared to bare BiVO4 reaching a stable 3.4 (Β±0.2) mA cm^{β2} at a low bias of +0.8 V_{RHE} or 4.7(Β±0.2) mA cm^{β2} at +1.23 V_{RHE}. The use of 2D bismuthene as functional interlayer provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of photoanodes
βThe Phone is My Boss and My Helperβ β A Gender Analysis of an mHealth Intervention with Health Extension Workers in Southern Ethiopia
Mobile health (mHealth) provides health services and information via mobile technologies, including mobile phones. There is considerable optimism in mHealthβs potential to overcome health systemsβ deficiencies to ensure access to safe, effective and affordable health services. This has led to an βexplosion of mHealth activitiesβ and βlarge-scale adoption and deployment of mobile phonesβ by Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes. MHealth innovation in relation to CHWs, on which low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately depend, has been reported to be βparticularly promisingβ. CHWsβ use of mHealth has the potential to improve their motivation; decision-making; training; adherence to guidelines; data entry and quality; planning and efficiency; and communication and health promotion; while also enhancing coverage and timeliness of services and reducing costs. MHealth also allows the monitoring and tracking of health indicators in real time, providing crucial insights to policy makers and enabling CHWs to better serve communities
A large scale hearing loss screen reveals an extensive unexplored genetic landscape for auditory dysfunction
The developmental and physiological complexity of the auditory system is likely reflected in the underlying set of genes involved in auditory function. In humans, over 150 non-syndromic loci have been identified, and there are more than 400 human genetic syndromes with a hearing loss component. Over 100 non-syndromic hearing loss genes have been identified in mouse and human, but we remain ignorant of the full extent of the genetic landscape involved in auditory dysfunction. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, we undertook a hearing loss screen in a cohort of 3006 mouse knockout strains. In total, we identify 67 candidate hearing loss genes. We detect known hearing loss genes, but the vast majority, 52, of the candidate genes were novel. Our analysis reveals a large and unexplored genetic landscape involved with auditory function
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