201 research outputs found

    On the Value of Wikipedia as a Gateway to the Web

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    By linking to external websites, Wikipedia can act as a gateway to the Web. To date, however, little is known about the amount of traffic generated by Wikipedia's external links. We fill this gap in a detailed analysis of usage logs gathered from Wikipedia users' client devices. Our analysis proceeds in three steps: First, we quantify the level of engagement with external links, finding that, in one month, English Wikipedia generated 43M clicks to external websites, in roughly even parts via links in infoboxes, cited references, and article bodies. Official links listed in infoboxes have by far the highest click-through rate (CTR), 2.47% on average. In particular, official links associated with articles about businesses, educational institutions, and websites have the highest CTR, whereas official links associated with articles about geographical content, television, and music have the lowest CTR. Second, we investigate patterns of engagement with external links, finding that Wikipedia frequently serves as a stepping stone between search engines and third-party websites, effectively fulfilling information needs that search engines do not meet. Third, we quantify the hypothetical economic value of the clicks received by external websites from English Wikipedia, by estimating that the respective website owners would need to pay a total of $7--13 million per month to obtain the same volume of traffic via sponsored search. Overall, these findings shed light on Wikipedia's role not only as an important source of information, but also as a high-traffic gateway to the broader Web ecosystem.Comment: The Web Conference WWW 2021, 12 page

    The Effects of Close Companions (and Rotation) on the Magnetic Activity of M Dwarfs

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    We present a study of close white dwarf and M dwarf (WD+dM) binary systems and examine the effect that a close companion has on the magnetic field generation in M dwarfs. We use a base sample of 1602 white dwarf -- main sequence binaries from Rebassa et al. to develop a set of color cuts in GALEX, SDSS, UKIDSS, and 2MASS color space to construct a sample of 1756 WD+dM high-quality pairs from the SDSS DR8 spectroscopic database. We separate the individual WD and dM from each spectrum using an iterative technique that compares the WD and dM components to best-fit templates. Using the absolute height above the Galactic plane as a proxy for age, and the H{\alpha} emission line as an indicator for magnetic activity, we investigate the age-activity relation for our sample for spectral types \leqM7. Our results show that early-type M dwarfs (\leqM4) in close binary systems are more likely to be active and have longer activity lifetimes compared to their field counterparts. However, at a spectral type of M5 (just past the onset of full convection in M dwarfs), the activity fraction and lifetimes of WD+dM binary systems becomes more comparable to that of the field M dwarfs. One of the implications of having a close binary companion is presumed to be increased stellar rotation through disk-disruption, tidal effects, or angular momentum exchange. Thus, we interpret the similarity in activity behavior between late-type dMs in WD+dM pairs and late-type field dMs to be due to a decrease in sensitivity in close binary companions (or stellar rotation), which has implications for the nature of magnetic activity in fully-convective stars. (Abridged)Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures, emulateapj style, accepted to Astronomical Journal June 28, 201

    ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристики Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ 1)

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    ВикипСдия являСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· самых посСщаСмых сайтов Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΈ распространённым источником ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’ качСствС энциклопСдии ВикипСдия Π·Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΌΡ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ источник ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π°, скорСС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ источникам. Π’ соотвСтствии с Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ источниками, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ спСктр всСх ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯отя Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π² основС функционирования Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ извСстно ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ с Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ этот ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», ΠΌΡ‹ создали клиСнтскиС (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) инструмСнты для вСдСния записСй (ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) всСх взаимодСйствий со ссылками, ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· англоязычных статСй Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ссылки Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мСсяца, ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· взаимодСйствия Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ низкая. Около 300 просмотров страниц приводят ΠΊ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ссылку – это составляСт всСго 0,29%, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС 0,56% ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с Π½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌ столС) ΠΈ 0,13% ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… устройствах. БопоставлСниС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², связанных с ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ссылкС, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ происходят Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… страницах ΠΈ Π½Π° страницах ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ качСства. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· этого ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ссылки Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ВикипСдия Π½Π΅ содСрТит ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ источники ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ доступа ΠΈ ссылки ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… событиях (роТдСния, смСрти, Π±Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄.) особСнно популярны.Π‘ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, наши Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² глобальной ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ экономикС, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ становится всё ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ источников становится всё Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ.Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ ACM для ссылок: Π’ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠŸΠΈΠΊΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ, ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π”ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ†Ρ†Π° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ ВСст. 2020.ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° взаимодСйствия с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ…: Π’Π΅Π±-конфСрСнция 2020 (WWW’20), 20–24 Π°ΠΏΡ€. 2020 Π³., Вайбэй, Π’Π°ΠΉ-вань. ACM, Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊ, ΡˆΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊ, БША. 12 стр. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380300

    ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристики Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ 3)

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    Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipedia’s guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first analysis of readers’ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0,29% overall; 0,56% on desktop; 0,13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipedia’s role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.ВикипСдия являСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· самых посСщаСмых сайтов Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΈ распространённым источником ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’ качСствС энциклопСдии ВикипСдия Π·Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΌΡ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ источник ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π°, скорСС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ источникам. Π’ соотвСтствии с Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ источниками, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ спСктр всСх ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯отя Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π² основС функционирования Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ извСстно ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ с Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ этот ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», ΠΌΡ‹ создали клиСнтскиС (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) инструмСнты для вСдСния записСй (ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) всСх взаимодСйствий со ссылками, ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· англоязычных статСй Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ссылки Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мСсяца, ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· взаимодСйствия Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ низкая. Около 300 просмотров страниц приводят ΠΊ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ссылку – это составляСт всСго 0,29%; Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС 0 ,56% ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с Π½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŒΡŽΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌ столС) ΠΈ 0,13% ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… устройствах. БопоставлСниС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², связанных с ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ссылкС, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ происходят Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… страницах ΠΈ Π½Π° страницах ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ качСства. Π˜ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· этого ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ссылки Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ВикипСдия Π½Π΅ содСрТит ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ источники ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ доступа ΠΈ ссылки ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… событиях (роТдСния, смСрти, Π±Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄.) особСнно популярны. Π‘ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, наши Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² глобальной ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ экономикС, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ становится всё ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ источников становится всё Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ.Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ ACM для ссылок:Π’ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠŸΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ, ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π”ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ†Ρ†Π° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ ВСст. 2020.ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° взаимодСйствия с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ…: Π’Π΅Π±-конфСрСнция 2020 (WWW’20), 20–24 апрСля 2020 Π³., Вайбэй, Вайвань. ACM, Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊ, ΡˆΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊ, БША. 12 с. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380300

    ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристики Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. (Π§Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ 4)

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    Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipedia’s guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first anal-ysis of readers’ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0.29% overall; 0.56% on desktop; 0.13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipedia’s role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.ВикипСдия – ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· самых посСщаСмых сайтов ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ самых распространённых источников ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’ качСствС энциклопСдии ВикипСдия Π·Π°Π΄ΡƒΠΌΡ‹Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ источник ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π°, скорСС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ источникам. Π’ соотвСтствии с Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ источниками, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ спСктр всСх ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ рассматриваСмой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π₯отя Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π² основС функционирования Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ извСстно ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ с Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ этот ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ создали клиСнтскиС (ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅) инструмСнты для вСдСния записСй (ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²) всСх взаимодСйствий со ссылками ΠΈΠ· англоязычных статСй Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ссылки Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мСсяца ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· взаимодСйствия Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ. БопоставлСниС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², связанных с ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ссылкС, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ происходят Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π° страницах Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·- ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ качСства, ΠΈΠ· Ρ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ссылки Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ВикипСдия Π½Π΅ содСрТит ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ источники ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ доступа ΠΈ ссылки ΠΎ библиографичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (роТдСния, смСрти, Π±Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄.) особСнно популярны.Π‘ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, наши Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡƒΠ±Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² глобальной ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ экономикС, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ становится всё ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ источников – всё Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ.ИсслСдованиС, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, прСдставлСно ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² ВайбэС (Вайвань) Π² Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π΅ 2020 Π³. ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² систСмС Arxive ΠšΠΎΡ€Π½Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ унивСрситСта (БША) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (cc-BY 4.0).Π‘ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ АБМ для ссылок:Π’ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠŸΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ, ΠœΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ°ΠΌ Π Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, Π”ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ†Ρ†Π° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ ВСст, 2020.ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° взаимодСйствия с Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ…: Π’Π΅Π±-конфСрСнция 2020 (WWW’20), 20–24 Π°ΠΏΡ€. 2020 Π³., Вайбэй, Вайвань. АБМ, Нью-Π™ΠΎΡ€ΠΊ, БША. 12 с.; https://doi.org/10/1145/3366423.3380300

    The PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence

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    We describe the PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact-object binary coalescences in advanced gravitational-wave detector data. The search was used in the first Advanced LIGO observing run and unambiguously identified two black hole binary mergers, GW150914 and GW151226. At its core, the PyCBC search performs a matched-filter search for binary merger signals using a bank of gravitational-wave template waveforms. We provide a complete description of the search pipeline including the steps used to mitigate the effects of noise transients in the data, identify candidate events and measure their statistical significance. The analysis is able to measure false-alarm rates as low as one per million years, required for confident detection of signals. Using data from initial LIGO's sixth science run, we show that the new analysis reduces the background noise in the search, giving a 30% increase in sensitive volume for binary neutron star systems over previous searches.Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures, accepted by Classical and Quantum Gravit

    2D Bismuthene as a Functional Interlayer between BiVO_{4} and NiFeOOH for Enhanced Oxygen-Evolution Photoanodes

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    BiVO_{4} has attracted wide attention for oxygen-evolution photoanodes in water-splitting photoelectrochemical devices. However, its performance is hampered by electron-hole recombination at surface states. Herein, partially oxidized two-dimensional (2D) bismuthene is developed as an effective, stable, functional interlayer between BiVO4 and the archetypal NiFeOOH co-catalyst. Comprehensive (photo)electrochemical and surface photovoltage characterizations show that NiFeOOH can effectively increase the lifetime of photogenerated holes by passivating hole trap states of BiVO_{4}; however, it is limited in influencing electron trap states related to oxygen vacancies (V_{O}). Loading bismuthene on BiVO_{4} photoanodes increases the density of V_{O} that are beneficial for the oxygen evolution reaction via the formation of oxy/hydroxyl-based water oxidation intermediates at the surface. Moreover, bismuthene increases interfacial band bending and fills the V_{O}-related electron traps, leading to more efficient charge extraction. With the synergistic interaction of bismuthene and NiFeOOH on BiVO_{4}, this composite photoanode achieves a 5.8-fold increase in photocurrent compared to bare BiVO4 reaching a stable 3.4 (Β±0.2) mA cm^{–2} at a low bias of +0.8 V_{RHE} or 4.7(Β±0.2) mA cm^{–2} at +1.23 V_{RHE}. The use of 2D bismuthene as functional interlayer provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of photoanodes

    β€˜The Phone is My Boss and My Helper’ – A Gender Analysis of an mHealth Intervention with Health Extension Workers in Southern Ethiopia

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    Mobile health (mHealth) provides health services and information via mobile technologies, including mobile phones. There is considerable optimism in mHealth’s potential to overcome health systems’ deficiencies to ensure access to safe, effective and affordable health services. This has led to an β€˜explosion of mHealth activities’ and β€˜large-scale adoption and deployment of mobile phones’ by Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes. MHealth innovation in relation to CHWs, on which low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately depend, has been reported to be β€˜particularly promising’. CHWs’ use of mHealth has the potential to improve their motivation; decision-making; training; adherence to guidelines; data entry and quality; planning and efficiency; and communication and health promotion; while also enhancing coverage and timeliness of services and reducing costs. MHealth also allows the monitoring and tracking of health indicators in real time, providing crucial insights to policy makers and enabling CHWs to better serve communities

    A large scale hearing loss screen reveals an extensive unexplored genetic landscape for auditory dysfunction

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    The developmental and physiological complexity of the auditory system is likely reflected in the underlying set of genes involved in auditory function. In humans, over 150 non-syndromic loci have been identified, and there are more than 400 human genetic syndromes with a hearing loss component. Over 100 non-syndromic hearing loss genes have been identified in mouse and human, but we remain ignorant of the full extent of the genetic landscape involved in auditory dysfunction. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, we undertook a hearing loss screen in a cohort of 3006 mouse knockout strains. In total, we identify 67 candidate hearing loss genes. We detect known hearing loss genes, but the vast majority, 52, of the candidate genes were novel. Our analysis reveals a large and unexplored genetic landscape involved with auditory function
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