Funções Militares das Mulheres numa Perspectiva Comparada. Passado, Presente e Futuro

Este artigo delineia uma teoria sobre os factores que determinam o grau e natureza da participação das mulheres nas forças armadas ao longo da história e em diferentes países. Ao analisar as situações de segurança nacional, tecnologia militar, políticas de admissão militar, padrões demográficos, valores culturais face ao género e padrões estruturais de papeis sexuais, o artigo propõe uma teoria sistemática das condições sob as quais as funções militares das mulheres aumentam e diminuem. Em seguida, utiliza-se a teoria para analisar o provável futuro papel das mulheres nas forças armadas. A necessidade de pessoal por parte das forças armadas tem sido a força motriz subjacente à expansão das funções militares das mulheres ao longo da história e através das nações, mas os valores culturais que apoiam a igualdade de género têm também dado a sua contribuição e é provável que venham a ter uma maior influência no futuro

The Impact of Prices and Control Policies on Cigarette Smoking among College Students

Smoking among youths and young adults has been rising throughout the 1990’s. Numerous policies have been enacted to try to reverse this trend. However, little is known about the impact that these policies have on the smoking behavior of young adults. This study uses a dichotomous indicator of daily smoking participation in the past thirty days, an ordered measure representing the frequency of cigarette consumption and a quasi-continuous measure of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average to examine the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws and campus level smoking policies on the smoking behaviors of a 1997 cross section of college students. The results of the analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with lower smoking participation and lower levels of use among college student smokers. Local and state level clean indoor air restrictions have a cumulative impact on the level of smoking by current smokers. Complete smoking bans on college campuses are associated with lower levels of smoking among current smokers but have no significant impact on smoking participation. Bans on cigarette advertising on campus as well as bans on the sale of cigarettes on campus have no significant effect on the smoking behavior of college student smoking behavior

Insight, grey matter and cognitive function in first-onset psychosis

BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested that neuropsychological and structural brain deficits are implicated in poor insight. Few insight studies however have combined neurocognitive and structural neuroanatomical measures. AIMS: Focusing on the ability to relabel psychotic symptoms as pathological, we examined insight, brain structure and neurocognition in first-onset psychosis. METHOD: Voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 82 individuals with psychosis and 91 controls assessed with a brief neuropsychological test battery. Insight was measured using the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight. RESULTS: The principal analysis showed reduced general neuropsychological function was linked to poor symptom relabelling ability. A subsequent between-psychosis group analysis found those with no symptom relabelling ability had significant global and regional grey matter deficits primarily located at the posterior cingulate gyrus and right precuneus/cuneus. CONCLUSIONS: The cingulate gyrus (as part of a midline cortical system) along with right hemisphere regions may be involved in illness and symptom self-appraisal in first-onset psychosis