803 research outputs found

    Biodiversity, extinctions and evolution of ecosystems with shared resources

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    We investigate the formation of stable ecological networks where many species share the same resource. We show that such stable ecosystem naturally occurs as a result of extinctions. We obtain an analytical relation for the number of coexisting species and find a relation describing how many species that may go extinct as a result of a sharp environmental change. We introduce a special parameter that is a combination of species traits and resource characteristics used in the model formulation. This parameter describes the pressure on system to converge, by extinctions. When that stress parameter is large we obtain that the species traits concentrate at some values. This stress parameter is thereby a parameter that determines the level of final biodiversity of the system. Moreover, we show that dynamics of this limit system can be described by simple differential equations

    Mathematical analysis of complex SIR model with coinfection and density dependence

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    An SIR model with the coinfection of the two infectious agents in a single host population is considered. The model includes the environmental carry capacity in each class of population. A special case of this model is analyzed and several threshold conditions are obtained which describes the establishment of disease in the population. We prove that for small carrying capacity KK there exist a globally stable disease free equilibrium point. Furthermore, we establish the continuity of the transition dynamics of the stable equilibrium point, i.e. we prove that (1) for small values of KK there exists a unique globally stable equilibrium point, and (b) it moves continuously as KK is growing (while its face type may change). This indicate that carrying capacity is the crucial parameter and increase in resources in terms of carrying capacity promotes the risk of infection.Comment: 14 page

    Managing State Lands: Some Legal-Economic Considerations

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    Statligt vÄld - en studie i vÄld, makt och legitimitet

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    This paper is designated to explore the potential and the limitations of state violence. By asking the question of how extreme state violence can be understood, it sets out on a path to explore the underlying forces and the effects of state violence. It will circle around the concepts of violence, power and legitimacy and their intertwined relationships with the state and the nation. The ambition is to describe the nature of state violence through a development of a few central theories in the field. In discussion with these, the goal is to create a new theory of how to understand state violence. By arguing that the state, through bio-political production, violently reproduces the nation, which is the states natural base of power, the paper concludes that that violence is a fundamental part of the states existence. Violence, here, is something the state uses to produce power, and thereby also a tempting method for survival when power crumbles. Hence, extreme state violence can be understood as a natural end to when the power, which the state depends upon, slips out of its grasp

    Influence on disease spread dynamics of herd characteristics in a structured livestock industry

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    Studies of between-herd contacts may provide important insight to disease transmission dynamics. By comparing the result from models with different levels of detail in the description of animal movement, we studied how factors influence the final epidemic size as well as the dynamic behaviour of an outbreak. We investigated the effect of contact heterogeneity of pig herds in Sweden due to herd size, between-herd distance and production type. Our comparative study suggests that the production-type structure is the most influential factor. Hence, our results imply that production type is the most important factor to obtain valid data for and include when modelling and analysing this system. The study also revealed that all included factors reduce the final epidemic size and also have yet more diverse effects on initial rate of disease spread. This implies that a large set of factors ought to be included to assess relevant predictions when modelling disease spread between herds. Furthermore, our results show that a more detailed model changes predictions regarding the variability in the outbreak dynamics and conclude that this is an important factor to consider in risk assessment

    Evaluation about exercise, and social needs of goats (Capra Hircus) : focus on the update on the Swedish injunction

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    I Sverige fanns det 2018 ungefÀr 20 000 getter i Sverige. De hölls antingen som hobbygetter, i nÀringsverksamhet eller i utbildningsverksamhet. Den tama geten som lever i Sverige kommer ursprungligen frÄn den vilda geten och har dÀrför samma beteenden. Getter anvÀnds av mÀnniskan frÀmst för att fÄ dess skinn, mjölk och kött. Getter i det vilda Àr ett flockdjur som lever pÄ stora ytor och framförallt tillsammans med andra getter. Som tama hÄlls getter lite olika i Sverige och i vÀrlden. Problemet för getter Àr just nu att lagstiftningen angÄende dem Àr gammal och behöver uppdateras. Jordbruksverket hÄller just nu pÄ att ta fram vetenskapliga fakta för att undersöka om de borde vara lösgÄende eller inte. Samtidigt tittar de nÀrmare pÄ de andra delar ocksÄ som hur mycket de behöver sÀllskap av andra getter. Under 2019 har det ocksÄ kommit en ny djurskyddslag, som har tydligare beskrivningar och nya paragrafer. Detta pÄverkar ocksÄ nÀr man ska uppdatera föreskrifterna eftersom föreskrifterna pÄverkas av djurskyddslagen. Denna studien tog upp förslag om vad som bör stÄ i djurskyddslagstiftningen för att getter ska mÄ sÄ bra som möjligt. Resultatet studien kom fram till Àr att getter Àr sociala djur som inte tycker om att bli isolerade frÄn andra getter eller hÄllas ensamma. De bör hÄllas i en flock som inte Àr för stor eller för liten dÄ det kan pÄverka deras interaktioner, detta eftersom getter brÄkar en del. En annan aspekt som diskuterades var om ett annat djurslag kan hjÀlpa för att geten ska fÄ det sociala behovet som den behöver. Resultatet blev att det Àr svÄrt att avgöra om ett annat djurslag kan ge det, men det verkar som att de flesta djurslag föredrar sÀllskap av sin egen art. NÄgot som ocksÄ togs upp i denna studie var fördelar och nackdelar med att hÄlla getter uppbundna och i lösdrift. Resultatet var att det fanns bÄde fördelar och nackdelar. Fördelarna i lösdrift var att de fÄr röra sig fritt och det bidrar till att de mÄr bÀttre. Nackdelarna var att det kan bli mycket brÄk och produktionen kan minska. NÄgot som behövs tÀnka pÄ i lösdrifter för getter, det Àr att det Àr speciellt viktigt för dem att inredningen Àr anpassad för att undvika brÄk mellan getterna. Trots nackdelarna var det fler fördelar med lösdrift. Samtidigt ser det ut som att det kommer bli lösdrift för de flesta djurslag i Sverige. Detta sker pÄ grund av att det pÄgÄr en utredning om hur det skulle pÄverka djuren och djurhÄllarna om det blev krav pÄ att hÄlla djur lösgÄende. PÄ grund av dessa resultat kom denna litteraturstudie fram till att getter bör hÄllas tillsammans med minst en annan get för att mÄ sÄ bra som möjligt. Det mesta tyder pÄ att getter föredrar att ha sÀllskap av en annan get istÀllet för ett annat djurslag. Att kunna röra sig Àr viktigt för de flesta djur och det Àr ingen skillnad för getterna, och dÀrför borde de fÄ gÄ fritt i en lösdrift. I lösdriften Àr det ocksÄ viktigt att utforma inredningen sÄ mindre brÄk uppkommer mellan getterna. Dessa faktorer Àr viktiga för att getterna ska mÄ sÄ bra som möjligt.Today there lives around 20 000 goats in Sweden and they live in different kinds of housings. Jordbruksverket, the Swedish agriculture administrative authority, are in the process of updating the Swedish legislation about goats. They wanted help to find information to do this on two specific areas; their social needs and the movement requirements of goats. The focus in this study is therefore to find information about this. The specific questions are if goats should be in a tied-stall or in loose housing, and if goats need other goats to gain social contact. This BSc thesis is a literature study and the information came from scientific studies, articles and books. Most of the searches was done on the search engine Primo. This study takes the three different issues listed above and the results on those where that isolation is stressful for the individual goat. It can also be concluded that there are no studies that reported how contact with another species affects the social needs for the goat. Moreover, tied up stalls and loose housing stables both have benefits and disadvantages. For example, tied stalls do not fulfil the social needs and movement requirements of goats. Loose housing is associated to problems due to establishment of hierarchy in group of goats. However, the possibilities to offer enrichment in loose housing systems is a benefit that may reduce the hierarchy problems. The conclusion in this study is that goats are group living animals and it affects them negatively to be isolated. There is no proof that another goat can be exchanged by another species to satisfy their social needs. Goat should not be tied up but should be loose housed. Enrichment is essential in a loose housing system to reduce the stress that occur due to establishment of hierarchy. All these requirements are necessary, so the updated injunctions fulfil the animal protection law in Sweden and to improve the welfare of the goat
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