Investigation on Percolation Theory and Optimization Method in Low Permeability Reservoir Injection-Production Pattern on the Condition of Fracturing

This passage investigates the productivity formulas in low permeability reservoir with vertical wells combined with fracturing well of the five spot rectangular pattern, seven spot pattern and nine spot pattern as well as the productivity of inverted nine-spot rhombus fractured vertical well mixed pattern. Further, the five-point rectangular patterns and the rectangular fracturing well patterns are optimized. The results reveal that widening well spacing, narrowing row spacing and changing the shape factor well network within a certain range can improve the development effectiveness, while length of the crack and area of well pattern are given, we could determine the length and width of rectangular pattern.Key words: Low permeability; Well pattern; Productivity formula; Optimizatio

Identification of Glycine Receptor α3 as a Colchicine-Binding Protein

Colchicine (Col) is considered a kind of highly effective alkaloid for preventing and treating acute gout attacks (flares). However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of Col in pain treatment. We have previously developed a customized virtual target identification method, termed IFPTarget, for small-molecule target identification. In this study, by using IFPTarget and ligand similarity ensemble approach (SEA), we show that the glycine receptor alpha 3 (GlyRα3), which play a key role in the processing of inflammatory pain, is a potential target of Col. Moreover, Col binds directly to the GlyRα3 as determined by the immunoprecipitation and bio-layer interferometry assays using the synthesized Col-biotin conjugate (linked Col and biotin with polyethylene glycol). These results suggest that GlyRα3 may mediate Col-induced suppression of inflammatory pain. However, whether GlyRα3 is the functional target of Col and serves as potential therapeutic target in gouty arthritis requires further investigations

Transition to a low-carbon city: lessons learned from Suzhou in China

Climate change has become one of the most serious challenges facing humanity; developing a low-carbon economy provides new opportunities for addressing this issue. Building a low-carbon city has been pursued by people with a high degree of enthusiasm in China. Different from actions at the national level and distinct from practices of developed countries, low-carbon development in Chinese cities should be placed on diverse concerns. Taking Suzhou of Jiangsu Province of China as a case city, this paper adopts a scenario analysis approach to explore strategic focal points in the transition to a low-carbon city. Within this transition, we mainly focus on the different contributions from two factors-economic restructuring and technological upgrading. Scenario analysis results show that 1) in the case of no breakthrough technologies, it is difficult to achieve absolute emission reductions; 2) technologies involved in optimizing energy structure and improving energy efficiency of basic service sectors should be highly emphasized in local planning; 3) in comparison with technological upgrading, economic structural adjustment could be a stronger contributor to mitigation, which is one of the main differences from developed countries. However, the key issue of economic restructuring is to promote the growth of emerging low-carbon industries, which requires not only a strategic choice of new industries but also an introduction of advanced low-carbon technologies. It is also found that establishing a local carbon emissions accounting system is a prerequisite and the first priority for realizing a low-carbon transition and government capacity buildings should be strengthened accordingly

Bacteria peptidoglycan promoted breast cancer cell invasiveness and adhesiveness by targeting toll-like receptor 2 in the cancer cells.

Chronic bacterial infection increased the risk of many solid malignancies and the underlying mechanism is usually ascribed to bacterial-caused inflammation. However, the direct interaction of infectious bacteria with cancer cells has been largely overlooked. We identified that highly metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells expressed high level of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in contrast to poorly metastatic breast cancer cells and homogenous untransformed breast cells. TLR2 in MDA-MB-231 cells were actively triggered by peptidoglycan (PGN) from infectious bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (PGN-SA), resulting in the promoted invasiveness and adhesiveness of the cancer cells in vitro. PGN-SA induced phosphorylation of TAK1 and IkappaB in the TLR2-NF-kappaB pathway of the cancer cells and stimulated IL-6 and TGF-beta secretion in MDA-MB-231 cells. All these effects were abrogated by TLR2 blockade. Further investigation showed that the NF-kappaB, STAT3 and Smad3 activities were augmented sequentially in MDA-MB-231 cells after PGN-SA stimulation. Phosphorylation of NF-kappaBp65 was initially increased and then followed by phosphorylation of STAT3 and Smad3 in the delayed 4 or 6 hours. NF-kappaB inhibition attenuated STAT3 and Smad3 activities whereas PGN-SA-stimulated cell culture supernatants reversed these inhibitory effects. Our study indicated that TLR2 activation by infectious bacterial PGN played an important role in breast cancer cell invasiveness and illustrated a new link between infectious bacteria and the cancer cells, suggesting the importance of antibiotic therapy to treat cancer with bacterial infection

Separation and detection of Atrazine and Paraquat based on gold nanochannels

Gold nanochannels were prepared by electroless deposition of Au onto the inner wall of porous polycarbonate membrane.The surfaces of the as;prepared gold nanochannels are negatively charged and hydrophilic.In aqueous solution,paraquat exists in the hydrophilic cationic form,while atrazine exists in the form of hydrophobic neutral molecule due to their structural difference.Under the applied electric field,paraquat can migrate through the nanotubules due to electrophoresis,resulting in the separation of atrazine and paraquat

First record of Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano (Bacillariophyta) and its bloom in the East China Sea

A bloom caused by a diatom, Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano (Bacillariophyta), is recorded in the East China Sea for the first time in China during a red fide investigation cruise (MC2005-2) from 27 March to 12 April 2005. This bloom was developed with the competition of Chaetoceros debilis and Skeletonema spp. The highest cell density of T. curviseriata, which has reached 1.27 x 10(6) cells/dm(3), was found in the surface and middle water layers of Stas ZD, ZB in the East China Sea (27.22 degrees similar to 29.48 degrees N, 121.53 degrees similar to 122.98 degrees E) in early spring in 2005. During the blooming period of T. curviseriata, the population with high cell density was found in the water area with temperature of 10 similar to 15 degrees C and salinity of 29.0 similar to 33.5. The percentage of the predominant species, T. curviseriata, has reached 95.8% of total diatom cells at one time in the middle water layer. The morphological characteristics of T. curviseriata, were observed with light microscope (LM) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM). The cells are 5.0 similar to 12.6 mu m in diameter, connecting each other by mucilaginous thread to form spiral and curved chains. Description and LM and TEM images of T. curviseriata are presented. T. curviseriata is ecologically characterized by eurythermy and euryhalinity, and its population variation is affected mainly by silicate, the ratios of phosphorus to silicon and nitrogen to silicon.Major State Basic Research Development Program of China [2001CB409701, 2005CB422305]; Special Prophase Project of Fujian Science and Technology Major Program of China [2005YZ1024]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40627001, 40476055

Effect of Co on microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of Ti45Al-8Nb-0.3Y alloy

Ti45Al-8Nb-0.3Y-mCo (m=0, 0.5, 1, 2, atom fraction/%) alloys were prepared by vacuum arc non-consumable melting method. The microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloys were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of TiAl-Nb alloy can be significantly refined by addition of Co element. However, Co can remarkably inhibit the formation of α2+γ lamellar while promote the formation of Co-rich B2 precipitations in the alloys. The oxide films formed on the Ti45Al-8Nb-0.3Y-mCo alloys mainly consist of relatively loose TiO2 and Al2O3 mixtures, after oxidation at 1000 ℃ for 100 h in air. With the increase of Co content, the mass gains of the TiAl-Nb-0.3Y alloys after oxidation increase obviously, while much better anti-spalling performance of the oxide films can be obtained. Addition of Co can reduce the internal stress of the oxide film to a certain extent, which is beneficial to the anti-spalling performance of the oxide film. However, the coarse B2 precipitation caused by Co weakens high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloy

PGN-SA induced NF-κB, STAT3 and Smad3 activation sequentially in MDA-MB-231 cells.

<p>(A) The cancer cells were incubated with PGN-SA on the indicated time points of 0 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h. Anti-phospho-NF-κBp65, anti-Phospho-STAT3 and anti-Phospho-Smad3 were respectively used to mark the special target in permeabilized MDA-MB-231 cells. On 30 min, NF-κB was firstly stimulated up to maximum level. (B and C) After additional 4 h or 6 h, activations of STAT3 and Smad3 were respectively induced. Values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3 <i>*P</i><0.05; <i>**P</i><0.01).</p