Images of War 1930 and 1988. All Quiet on the Western Front and Journey's End (

The Gennan novel, Erich Maria Remarque's Im Westen nichts neues, (misleadingly translated by Hollywood as All Quiet on the Western Front) and Journey•s End, an English play by R.C. Sherrifffirststaged in 1928,aretwoofthebestlrnown fictional accounts of conditions on the Western front in World War One. Both are anti-militarist and are regarded as major anti-war texts

Behavioral Contrast in Children

The present study was conducted as a systematic replication of earlier work investigating the phenomenon of behavioral contrast. Behavioral contrast has been consistently reported in alternating two component multiple schedules using infra-human subjects. The present study was interested in answering the question, Does behavioral contrast exist in humans? Two experiments were performed which investigated the behavioral contrast and sequential contrast phenomena in children. In both experiments, lever press responses were analyzed using an ABA single-subject design. The children were instructed to press a lever to obtain as many tokens as possible. In Experiment I, six Ss were equally divided into two groups of three subjects each. Group I, the mult VI EXT group began the experiment by responding on an alternating two component multiple variable interval (VI) 20 seconds, extinction (EXT), mult VI EXT, schedule of reinforcement. Following stabilization of response rates on a mult VI EXT schedule, Phase I, the three Ss in this group progressed through Phase II, a mult VI 20 second schedule of reinforcement, and Phase III, a mult VI 20 second EXT schedule of reinforcement. Group II, the mult VI VI group began the experiment by responding on a mult VI 20 second VI 20 second schedule of reinforcement. Following stabilization of response rate on the mult VI VI schedule, Phase I, the three Ss in this group progressed through Phase II, the mult VI 20-sec EXT schedule of reinforcement, and Phase III, a mult VI 20 second VI 20 second schedule of reinforcement. Behavioral contrast, in an alternating two component multiple schedule, defined as an increase in response rate in one component accompanying a decrease in response rate in the alternate component was observed in Experiment I. Regardless of the sequence of exposure to the multiple schedule, all Ss showed similar response patterns under the same multiple schedules. For example, an increase in response rate in the unchanged VI component was observed in all Ss when the response rate in the alternating EXT (previously VI) component decreased (positive behavioral contrast). A decrease in response rate in the unchanged VI component was also observed in all Ss when an increase in response rate in the alternating VI (previously EXT) component occurred (negative behavioral contrast). The appropriate change in response rate in the second component of a multiple schedule appeared to be prerequisite for the occurrence of behavioral contrast whether it be a decrease in responding when the second component programmed EXT or a stable response rate when the second component programmed a VI 20 second reinforcement schedule. In Experiment II, three Ss were exposed to a mult VI 20 second EXT schedule of reinforcement the components of which were presented in a random sequence. Sequential contrast, defined as a greater response rate during S+ when an S+ is preceded by an S- component than when S+ is preceded by other S+ components was not consistently observed in the present experiment. One of three subjects exposed to the sequential contrast experiment showed a consistently higher rate of responding during S+ components that followed an S- component than when an S+ component followed another S+ component, but the other two Ss in the experiment failed to emit response patterns characteristic of sequential contrast

Second-generation immigrants: Citizenship and transnationalism

El presente artículo se centra, mediante un enfoque socio-histórico, en los "inmigrantes de segunda generación" en Francia, un país con una larga historia de inmigración pero que ha rechazado por largo tiempo su pasado histórico. Se usan dos herramientasThis article deals with a socio-historical approach of "second-generation immigrants" in France, a country which has a long story of immigration, but which has refused this historical past for a long time. Two tools of comprehension are used: On one hand

Retention of Conservation Acquired by Instructional Methods, Eight Months After Termination of Instruction

This study attempted to determine if subjects that had been instructed in the principle of conservation, maintained conservation after termination of instructions. Using subjects from kindergarten to third grade that had received instructions by use of both concrete example and mental imagery methods. Those S\u27s that received instructions were compared with S\u27s that had received no instructions. A test of conservation was administered to a total of 96 S\u27s approximately eight months after termination of instructions to determine if the scores received on a test of those students that had received instructions exceeded those S\u27s that had not received instructions. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that instructions were of no value to kindergarten or first grade students , but that second grade students showed a significant improvement in their ability to conserve after receiving instructions and the third grade group achieved the competence on test performance as their peers that had exceeded them before instructions were given. The results thus would indicate that instructions could be valuable in acquiring conservation if the S\u27s have reached a certain cronological or maturational level in his development

Rising to the challenge: Exploring the transition from primary to secondary education in a Western Australian school

The ‘Rising to the Challenge: Exploring the transition from Primary to Secondary education in a Western Australian School’ study explored the positive predictors of primary to secondary school transition of a cohort of Year 7 students (n=182) at a school in Western Australia. The transition from primary to secondary school is an important process in the lives of adolescents aged around 11-13 years old. It is a challenging and exciting time that coincides with social, emotional, physical and cognitive changes of the adolescent stage of development. Enabling a positive transition to secondary school can give adolescents the support they need to maintain their educational performance, mental health and social wellbeing during adolescence, and may also have an impact on their future adult success. The purpose of this study was therefore to follow a cohort of students through their transition into secondary school, and determine the positive predictors of transition for this cohort of students. Nancy Schlossberg’s theory entitled ‘A model for analysing human adaptation to transition’ was used to guide this research, providing a multifactorial ecological framework that describes the process of transition from the perception of the individual. The study investigated a broad range of variables around the individual, the transition situation, supports for students, and academic progress associated with primary to secondary school transition experience immediately after changing schools and again six months later. One kindergarten to Year 12 school was utilised as a case study school. Data was collected by online survey at two time points, being in the first few weeks of secondary school, and again six months later. Data pertaining to students’ academic achievement was collected from student record files. The results of this work identified many significant variables in the transition process for this cohort, while analysis of four research questions tested the applicability of each domain of Schlossberg’s model to the primary to secondary school transition process using multinomial logistic regression. Results indicated that students’ negative expectation about transition, the things they like about their secondary school, emotional peer support, loneliness, school safety, being a reliable person, levels of agitation and turmoil, and perceived academic achievement significantly influenced students’ perception of a positive transition experience. Gender and primary school of origin were also significant predictors of transition experience for this cohort, with females experiencing a poorer transition than males, and ‘continuous’ students (those who remained at the school from primary through to secondary graduation) having the easiest transition experiences. Finally, the implications of this research were discussed. Discussion of these results in conjunction with the literature shows that school transition is a complex process, with links between domains that require further investigation and an emphasis on an ecological approach to capture the nuances of the transition phenomenon. Results could not be generalised to the population of transitioning students due to sampling, but are useful for informing further research in the area. Investigation of the mechanisms of the predictor variables on transition experience is warranted given the results of the study, and the use of mixed methods research would provide depth to the analysis results. Given there is little research on transition in comprehensive K-12 schools, further research into primary school origin and the influence of gender are research foci for the future. Finally, the case study school and the school system at large should review school policies around transition and gender equality in teaching

Dynamiques migratoires dans le monde

Si près d’un milliard de personnes est aujourd’hui en mouvement dans le monde, seuls 3 % de la population globale franchit des frontières pour des raisons qui varient au rythme de ce monde qui bouge : les déplacés environnementaux croisent les retraités du Nord avides d’économies et de soleil quand les chercheurs d’emplois croisent les victimes de persécutions. Spécialiste des migrations au CNRS, Catherine Withol de Wenden nous offre une mise en perspective salutaire pour ce dossier largement centré sur la France