Sexual and injection-related risks in Puerto Rican-born injection drug users living in New York City: A mixed-methods analysis

Background These data were collected as part of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) study. NHBS is a cross-sectional study to investigate HIV behavioral risks among core risk groups in 21 U.S. cities with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence. This analysis examines data from the NHBS data collection cycle with IDU conducted in New York City in 2009. We explored how the recency of migration from Puerto Rico (PR) to New York City (NYC) impacts both syringe sharing and unprotected sex among injection drug users (IDU) currently living in NYC. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach to examine differences in risk between US-born IDU, PR IDU who migrated to NYC more than three years ago (non-recent migrants), and PR IDU who migrated in the last three years (recent migrants). Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit the sample (n = 514). In addition, qualitative individual and group interviews with recent PR migrants (n = 12) and community experts (n = 2) allowed for an in-depth exploration of the IDU migration process and the material and cultural factors behind continued risk behaviors in NYC. Results In multiple logistic regression controlling for confounding factors, recent migrants were significantly more likely to report unprotected sexual intercourse with casual or exchange partners (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.81; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.37-5.76) and receptive syringe sharing (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.20-4.97) in the past year, compared to US-born IDU. HIV and HCV seroprevalence were highest among non-recent migrants. Qualitative results showed that risky injection practices are partly based on cultural norms acquired while injecting drugs in Puerto Rico. These same results also illustrate how homelessness influences risky sexual practices. Conclusions Poor material conditions (especially homelessness) may be key in triggering risky sexual practices. Cultural norms (ingrained while using drugs in PR) around injection drug use are perpetuated in their new setting following an almost natural flow. These norms may have a particular stronghold over risky drug injection practices. These results indicate that culturally appropriate HIV and HCV prevention and education services are needed. In addition, homelessness should be addressed to reduce risky sexual practices

Panel 2: Types of Litigation Funding

This is a transcript from the second panel of the 2015 NYU School of Law conference: Litigation Funding: The Basics and Beyond. Panel Two The second panel will build on the basics. Participants will explain and discuss different subcategories of funding, each of which may raise different conceptual, practical and/or regulatory concerns. Panelists: Geoffrey Miller, New York University School of Law (Moderator) Maya Steinitz, University of Iowa College of Law Joshua Schwadron, Founder and CEO, Mighty Bradley Wendel, Cornell Law School Michael G. Faure, Maastricht University & Rotterdam University, the Netherlands Jef De Mot, Ghent University Travis Lenkner, Gerchen Keller Capita

Estimating Vertex Measures in Social Networks by Sampling Completions of RDS Trees

This paper presents a new method for obtaining network properties from incomplete data sets. Problems associated with missing data represent well-known stumbling blocks in Social Network Analysis. The method of “estimating connectivity from spanning tree completions” (ECSTC) is specifically designed to address situations where only spanning tree(s) of a network are known, such as those obtained through respondent driven sampling (RDS). Using repeated random completions derived from degree information, this method forgoes the usual step of trying to obtain final edge or vertex rosters, and instead aims to estimate network-centric properties of vertices probabilistically from the spanning trees themselves. In this paper, we discuss the problem of missing data and describe the protocols of our completion method, and finally the results of an experiment where ECSTC was used to estimate graph dependent vertex properties from spanning trees sampled from a graph whose characteristics were known ahead of time. The results show that ECSTC methods hold more promise for obtaining network-centric properties of individuals from a limited set of data than researchers may have previously assumed. Such an approach represents a break with past strategies of working with missing data which have mainly sought means to complete the graph, rather than ECSTC\u27s approach, which is to estimate network properties themselves without deciding on the final edge set

Tolerância zero: a má interpretação dos resultados

As estratégias e a realidade do policiamento praticado nas ruas de Nova Iorque têm mudado dramaticamente nos últimos vinte anos. Programas agressivos visando a apreensão de armas e drogas são os principais objetivos das novas estratégias anticrime. Enquanto as taxas de criminalidade têm sido as mais baixas em 30 anos, as prisões por pequenos delitos são as mais altas de todos tempos. Existem poucas evidências para sugerir que o mercado de venda de drogas foi eliminado ou substancialmente reduzido. Esta pesquisa etnográfica explora o impacto destas estratégias de policiamento na qualidade de vida nos bairros da cidade de Nova Iorque. Este trabalho argumenta que para se entender o relacionamento entre o mercado de drogas e os crimes violentos devemos fazer mais do que comparar os números de prisões geradas pelas estratégias empregadas e entender o papel que as drogas ilegais desempenham na política econômica.<br>The strategies and the realities of policing as practiced on the streets of New York City have changed dramatically in the last twenty years. Aggressive programs aimed at taking guns and drugs off the streets were among the main goals of these new anti-crime strategies. At at time when crime is at its lowest level in thirty years, arrests for low-level offences are higher than ever before. There is little evidence to suggest that drug markets have been eliminated or even substantially reduced. This ethnographic research explores the impact of these new policing strategies on the quality of life in the neighborhoods of New York City and argues that an understanding of the complex relationships between drug markets and crime must move beyond simply coparing the numbers of arrests genberated by different policing sterategies to an understanding of the role played by drugs in the wider political eceonomy

Estimating the Size of the Methamphetamine-Using Population in New York City Using Network Sampling Techniques

As part of a recent study of the dynamics of the retail market for methamphetamine use in New York City, we used network sampling methods to estimate the size of the total networked population. This process involved sampling from respondents’ list of co-use contacts, which in turn became the basis for cap-ture-recapture estimation. Recapture sampling was based on links to other respondents derived from demographic and “telefunken” matching procedures–the latter being an anonymized version of telephone number matching. This paper describes the matching process used to discover the links between the solic-ited contacts and project respondents, the capture-recapture calculation, the estimation of “false matches”, and the development of confidence intervals for the final population estimates. A final population of 12,229 was estimated, with a range of 8235 - 23,750. The techniques described here have the special vir-tue of deriving an estimate for a hidden population while retaining respondent anonymity and the ano-nymity of network alters, but likely require larger sample size than the 132 persons interviewed to attain acceptable confidence levels for the estimate

A Reexamination of Connectivity Trends via Exponential Random Graph Modeling in Two IDU Risk Networks

Patterns of risk in injecting drug user (IDU) networks have been a key focus of network approaches to HIV transmission histories. New network modeling techniques allow for a reexamination of these patterns with greater statistical accuracy and the comparative weighting of model elements. This paper describes the results of a reexamination of network data from the SFHR and P90 data sets using Exponential Random Graph Modeling. The results show that “transitive closure” is an important feature of IDU network topologies, and provides relative importance measures for race/ethnicity, age, gender, and number of risk partners in predicting risk relationships

Sexual and injection-related risks in Puerto Rican-born injection drug users living in New York City: A mixed-methods analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>These data were collected as part of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) study. NHBS is a cross-sectional study to investigate HIV behavioral risks among core risk groups in 21 U.S. cities with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence. This analysis examines data from the NHBS data collection cycle with IDU conducted in New York City in 2009. We explored how the recency of migration from Puerto Rico (PR) to New York City (NYC) impacts both syringe sharing and unprotected sex among injection drug users (IDU) currently living in NYC.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used a mixed-methods approach to examine differences in risk between US-born IDU, PR IDU who migrated to NYC more than three years ago (non-recent migrants), and PR IDU who migrated in the last three years (recent migrants). Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit the sample (n = 514). In addition, qualitative individual and group interviews with recent PR migrants (n = 12) and community experts (n = 2) allowed for an in-depth exploration of the IDU migration process and the material and cultural factors behind continued risk behaviors in NYC.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In multiple logistic regression controlling for confounding factors, recent migrants were significantly more likely to report unprotected sexual intercourse with casual or exchange partners (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.81; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.37-5.76) and receptive syringe sharing (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.20-4.97) in the past year, compared to US-born IDU. HIV and HCV seroprevalence were highest among non-recent migrants. Qualitative results showed that risky injection practices are partly based on cultural norms acquired while injecting drugs in Puerto Rico. These same results also illustrate how homelessness influences risky sexual practices.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Poor material conditions (especially homelessness) may be key in triggering risky sexual practices. Cultural norms (ingrained while using drugs in PR) around injection drug use are perpetuated in their new setting following an almost natural flow. These norms may have a particular stronghold over risky drug injection practices. These results indicate that culturally appropriate HIV and HCV prevention and education services are needed. In addition, homelessness should be addressed to reduce risky sexual practices.</p