Overvåking av langtransporterte atmosfæriske miljøgifter i luft og nedbør, årsrapport 2021.

This report presents data from 2021 and time-trends for the Norwegian monitoring programme "Atmospheric contaminants". The results cover 200 organic compounds (regulated and non-regulated), 11 heavy metals, and a selection of organic chemicals of concern.Denne rapporten inkluderer miljøovervåkningsdata fra 2021 og tidstrender for programmet Atmosfæriske miljøgifter. Resultatene omfatter 200 organiske miljøgifter (regulerte og ennå ikke regulerte), 11 tungmetaller og et utvalg organiske kjemikalier av bekymring for miljøet.publishedVersio

Eurodelta multi-model simulated and observed particulate matter trends in Europe in the period of 1990–2010

The Eurodelta-Trends (EDT) multi-model experiment, aimed at assessing the efficiency of emission mitigation measures in improving air quality in Europe during 1990–2010, was designed to answer a series of questions regarding European pollution trends; i.e. were there significant trends detected by observations? Do the models manage to reproduce observed trends? How close is the agreement between the models and how large are the deviations from observations? In this paper, we address these issues with respect to particulate matter (PM) pollution. An in-depth trend analysis has been performed for PM10 and PM2.5 for the period of 2000–2010, based on results from six chemical transport models and observational data from the EMEP (Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe) monitoring network. Given harmonization of set-up and main input data, the differences in model results should mainly result from differences in the process formulations within the models themselves, and the spread in the model-simulated trends could be regarded as an indicator for modelling uncertainty. The model ensemble simulations indicate overall decreasing trends in PM10 and PM2.5 from 2000 to 2010, with the total reductions of annual mean concentrations by between 2 and 5 (7 for PM10) µg m−3 (or between 10 % and 30 %) across most of Europe (by 0.5–2 µg m−3 in Fennoscandia, the north-west of Russia and eastern Europe) during the studied period. Compared to PM2.5, relative PM10 trends are weaker due to large inter-annual variability of natural coarse PM within the former. The changes in the concentrations of PM individual components are in general consistent with emission reductions. There is reasonable agreement in PM trends estimated by the individual models, with the inter-model variability below 30 %–40 % over most of Europe, increasing to 50 %–60 % in the northern and eastern parts of the EDT domain. Averaged over measurement sites (26 for PM10 and 13 for PM2.5), the mean ensemble-simulated trends are −0.24 and −0.22 µg m−3 yr−1 for PM10 and PM2.5, which are somewhat weaker than the observed trends of −0.35 and −0.40 µg m−3 yr−1 respectively, partly due to model underestimation of PM concentrations. The correspondence is better in relative PM10 and PM2.5 trends, which are −1.7 % yr−1 and −2.0 % yr−1 from the model ensemble and −2.1 % yr−1 and −2.9 % yr−1 from the observations respectively. The observations identify significant trends (at the 95 % confidence level) for PM10 at 56 % of the sites and for PM2.5 at 36 % of the sites, which is somewhat less that the fractions of significant modelled trends. Further, we find somewhat smaller spatial variability of modelled PM trends with respect to the observed ones across Europe and also within individual countries. The strongest decreasing PM trends and the largest number of sites with significant trends are found for the summer season, according to both the model ensemble and observations. The winter PM trends are very weak and mostly insignificant. Important reasons for that are the very modest reductions and even increases in the emissions of primary PM from residential heating in winter. It should be kept in mind that all findings regarding modelled versus observed PM trends are limited to the regions where the sites are located. The analysis reveals considerable variability of the role of the individual aerosols in PM10 trends across European countries. The multi-model simulations, supported by available observations, point to decreases in concentrations playing an overall dominant role. Also, we see relatively large contributions of the trends of and to PM10 decreasing trends in Germany, Denmark, Poland and the Po Valley, while the reductions of primary PM emissions appear to be a dominant factor in bringing down PM10 in France, Norway, Portugal, Greece and parts of the UK and Russia. Further discussions are given with respect to emission uncertainties (including the implications of not accounting for forest fires and natural mineral dust by some of the models) and the effect of inter-annual meteorological variability on the trend analysis.The Ineris coordination of the EURODELTA-Trends exercise has been supported by the French Ministry in charge of Ecology in the context of the Task Force on Measurement and Modelling of the EMEP program of the LRTAP Convention. The CHIMERE simulations were performed using the TGCC supercomputers under GENCI computing allocation. The work of EMEP MSC-W has been supported by the EMEP Trust Fund under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE). Funding for the MATCH participation was jointly divided between Nordforsk through the research programme Nordic Welfare (grant no. 75007), the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency through the SCAC research programme, and the 2017–2018 Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme, with the funding organisations AKA (contract no. 326328), ANR (grant no. ANR-18-EBI4-007), BMBF (KFZ; grant no. 01LC1810A), FORMAS (contract nos. 2018-02434, 2018-02436, 2018-02437, and 2018-02438) and MICINN (APCIN; grant no. PCI2018-093149). Giancarlo Ciarelli has been supported by ADEME and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. P2EZP2_175166). MINNI participation in this project was supported by the “Cooperation Agreement for support to international Conventions, Protocols and related negotiations on air pollution issues”, funded by the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea. Financial support for the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) has been provided by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) and the Ministry for Science, Research and Culture of the State of Brandenburg (MWFK). The work of CIEMAT has been supported by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (MITERD).Peer Reviewed"Article signat per 23 autors/es: Svetlana Tsyro, Wenche Aas, Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Bertrand Bessagnet, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Florian Couvidat, Kees Cuvelier, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Noelia Oter, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Yelva Roustan, Mark R. Theobald, Marta G. Vivanco, Hilde Fagerli, Peter Wind, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Massimo D'Isidoro, and Mario Adani"Postprint (published version

Gjennomgang av metoder som kan benyttes for å beregne atmosfærisk avsetning

There are three main approaches for estimating the atmospheric deposition: 1) From measurements of air and precipitation chemistry combined with statistical interpolation, 2) Chemical transport models, 3) Combined observations and atmospheric model calculations. This report reviews these different approaches and come with some general recommendations on the different strategies and the way forward for Poland. The report was made for the project "Strengthening of atmospheric deposition assessment in Poland based on Norwegian experience" under the program "Environment, Energy and Climate Change", financed by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism 2014-2021".Det er tre hovedtilnærminger for å estimere atmosfæriske avsetningen: 1) Fra målinger av luft- og nedbørskjemi kombinert med statistisk interpolasjon, 2) kjemiske transportmodeller, 3) kombinere observasjoner og atmosfæriske modellberegninger. Denne rapporten gjennomgår disse forskjellige tilnærmingene og kommer med noen generelle anbefalinger om de forskjellige strategiene og veien videre for Polen. Denne rapporten ble laget for prosjektet "Strengthening of atmospheric deposition assessment in Poland based on Norwegian experience" under programmet "Environment, Energy and Climate Change", finansiert av European Economic Area Financial Mechanism 2014-2021".publishedVersio

Where does the optically detectable aerosol in the European arctic come from?

In this paper, we pose the question where the source regions of the aerosol, which occurs in the European Arctic, are located. Long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from Ny-Ålesund and Sodankylä as well as short-term data from a campaign on a Russian drifting station were analysed by air backtrajectories, analysis of the general circulation pattern and a correlation to chemical composition from in-situ measurements. Surprisingly, our data clearly shows that direct transport of pollutants from Europe does not play an important role. Instead, Arctic haze in Ny-Ålesund has been found for air masses from the Eastern Arctic, while events with increased AOD but chemically more diverse composition have been found for air from Siberia or the central Arctic. Moreover, the AOD in Ny-Ålesund does not depend on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Hence, either the pollution pathways of aerosol are more complex or aerosol is significantly altered by clouds

Norwegian monitoring programme for forest damage. Annual report 2007

I 2007 var hele 20 % av alle bjørketrær angrepet og skadet av insekter der fjellbjørkemåleren alene sto for 16 %. Hos furu var det færre insektangrep sammenlignet med fjoråret, men fortsatt var vel 2% av furutrærne angrepet av furubarveps. Antall nye toppbrekk, vindfall og andre snø- og vindrelaterte skader var omtrent på samme nivå som gjennomsnittet i overvåkingsperioden. Helsetilstanden til trær, registrert ved kronetetthet, misfarging og avdøing, påvirkes i stor grad direkte av klimatiske forhold som tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klima påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Langtransporterte luftforurensninger kan komme i tillegg til eller virke sammen med klimatiske forhold. Kronetettheten utviklet seg negativt på de landsrepresentative flatene for treslagene gran, furu og bjørk. Det var likevel store regionale forskjeller, og som kom tydeligst frem på de regionale flatene. Også i 2007 ble det registrert størst nedgang i kronetetthet for gran i Oppland, Hedmark og i Agderfylkene..

NILUs strategiske instituttsatsinger (SIS) - 2016

Each of NILU’s Strategic Institute Initiatives (SIS) is required to deliver a popular science report annually to the Research Council. This report contains NILU’s final reports for the SIS-projects that ended in 2016, and annual SIS-reports for 2016 for the other SIS-projects.Alle NILUs strategiske instituttsatsinger (SIS) skal levere en populærvitenskapelig framstilling til Norges forskningsråd hvert år. Denne rapporten inneholder NILUs sluttrapporter for SIS-prosjekter som ble avsluttet I 2016, og årlige SIS-rapporter for 2016 for de andre SIS-prosjektene.publishedVersio

Overvåking av langtransportert forurenset luft og nedbør. Atmosfæriske tilførsler 2021.

This report presents results from the monitoring of atmospheric composition and deposition of air pollution in 2021, and focuses on main components in air and precipitation, particulate and gaseous phase of inorganic constituents, particulate carbonaceous matter, ground level ozone and particulate matter. The level of pollution in 2021 was generally low with few high episodes.Denne rapporten omhandler resultater fra overvåkningsprogrammet for langtransportert forurenset luft og nedbør og atmosfæriske tilførsler i 2021. Rapporten presenterer målinger av uorganiske hovedkomponentene i luft og nedbør, partikulært karbonholdig materiale, partikkelmasse og bakkenært ozon. Forurensningsnivået i 2021 var generelt lavt med få høye episoder.publishedVersio

Overvåking av klimagasser og partikler på Svalbard og Birkenes i 2012: Årsrapport

The report summaries the activities and results of the greenhouse gas monitoring at the Zeppelin Observatory situated on Svalbard in Arctic Norway during the period 2001-2013 and the greenhouse gas monitoring and aerosol observations from Birkenes for 2009-2013.Overvåking av klimagasser og partikler på Svalbard og Birkenes i 2012: ÅrsrapportpublishedVersio

Good Agreement Between Modeled and Measured Sulfur and Nitrogen Deposition in Europe, in Spite of Marked Differences in Some Sites

Atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition is an important effect of atmospheric pollution and may affect forest ecosystems positively, for example enhancing tree growth, or negatively, for example causing acidification, eutrophication, cation depletion in soil or nutritional imbalances in trees. To assess and design measures to reduce the negative impacts of deposition, a good estimate of the deposition amount is needed, either by direct measurement or by modeling. In order to evaluate the precision of both approaches and to identify possible improvements, we compared the deposition estimates obtained using an Eulerian model with the measurements performed by two large independent networks covering most of Europe. The results are in good agreement (bias <25%) for sulfate and nitrate open field deposition, while larger differences are more evident for ammonium deposition, likely due to the greater influence of local ammonia sources. Modeled sulfur total deposition compares well with throughfall deposition measured in forest plots, while the estimate of nitrogen deposition is affected by the tree canopy. The geographical distribution of pollutant deposition and of outlier sites where model and measurements show larger differences are discussed

Multi-model simulations of aerosol and ozone radiative forcing due to anthropogenic emission changes during the period 1990-2015

Over the past few decades, the geographical distribution of emissions of substances that alter the atmospheric energy balance has changed due to economic growth and air pollution regulations. Here, we show the resulting changes to aerosol and ozone abundances and their radiative forcing, using recently updated emission data for the period 1990-2015, as simulated by seven global atmospheric composition models. The models broadly reproduce large-scale changes in surface aerosol and ozone based on observations (e.g., -1 to -3%/yr in aerosols over 30 the US and Europe). The global mean radiative forcing due to ozone and aerosol changes over the 1990-2015 period increased by +0.17 ±0.08 Wm-2, with approximately 1/3 due to ozone. This increase is more strongly positive than that reported in IPCC AR5. The main reasons for the increased positive radiative forcing of aerosols over this period are the substantial reduction of global mean SO2 emissions, which is stronger in the new emission inventory compared to that used in the IPCC analysis, and higher black carbon emissions