Topological Entropy for Shifts of Finite Type Over Z\mathbb{Z} and Tree

We study the topological entropy of hom tree-shifts and show that, although the topological entropy is not conjugacy invariant for tree-shifts in general, it remains invariant for hom tree higher block shifts. In doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.034 and doi:10.3934/dcds.2020186, Petersen and Salama demonstrated the existence of topological entropy for tree-shifts and $h(\mathcal{T}_X) \geq h(X)$, where $\mathcal{T}_X$ is the hom tree-shift derived from $X$. We characterize a necessary and sufficient condition when the equality holds for the case where $X$ is a shift of finite type. In addition, two novel phenomena have been revealed for tree-shifts. There is a gap in the set of topological entropy of hom tree-shifts of finite type, which makes such a set not dense. Last but not least, the topological entropy of a reducible hom tree-shift of finite type is equal to or larger than that of its maximal irreducible component

Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Gene in Recent Taiwanese Isolates

Influenza A virus contains eight RNA segments and encodes 10 viral proteins. However, an 11th protein, called PB1-F2, was found in A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1). This novel protein is translated from an alternative open reading frame (ORF) in the PB1 gene. We analyzed the PB1 gene of 42 recent influenza A isolates in Taiwan, including 24 H1N1 and 18 H3N2 strains. One H1N1 isolate and 17 H3N2 isolates contained the entire PB1-F2 ORF of 90 residues, three amino acids (aa) longer than the PB1-F2 of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 at the C terminal. The one remaining H3N2 isolate encoded a truncated PB1-F2 with 79 residues. The other 23 H1N1 isolates contained a truncated PB1-F2 of 57 aa. Phylogenetic analysis of both the HA and the PB1 genes showed that they shared similar clustering of these Taiwanese isolates, suggesting that no obvious reassortment occurred between the two genomic segments

Forcing Culture of the Chinese Cherry(Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.)

本試驗首次在台灣成功栽培與收成中國櫻桃(P. Pseudocerasus Lindl)。研究中証實經由高壓與扦插相當容易繁殖中國櫻桃。利用裸根苗種植於8吋塑膠盆中進行移動式櫻桃盆栽促成栽培試驗。 櫻桃栽培於中興大學試驗園內，藉由台中低海拔夏季的熱累積，加快櫻桃營養生長與成熟。經由芽體成熟誘導花芽的創始。 在夏末，將櫻桃盆栽移到高海拔的高冷試驗分場(2000公尺)，進行植株的健化與累積碳水化合物。為了解除櫻桃休眠，櫻桃植株在冬季高山或移到冷藏室來滿足中國櫻桃高需冷量(1080CU)，達到促成栽培與產期調節。 本試驗展現出中國櫻桃盆栽商業生產之潛力，從12月到6月提供台灣市場食用與觀賞櫻桃。This is the first time that Chinese cherry (Prunus Pseudocerasus Lindl) could be grown and harvest in Taiwan. Chinese cherry was propagated easily by cutting or layering in the research. Chinese cherries were cultured in the black plastic pots for the management of moving orchard. Vegetative growth was accelerated in the campus of National Chung-Hsing University at low attitude in central Taiwan by use of accumulating the heat during the summer season. Flower initiation was also induced by measuring the size of buds. In the late summer, the cherry pots were transported to high altitude (2000m) for the acclimation and accumulation of carbohydrate. To overcome the dormancy of cherry, the plants were chilled at the high mountain during the winter or move to cool room to satisfy the high chilling requirement of Chinese cherry. This experiment present the potential of cherry for commercial pot production with edible and ornamental purpose in Taiwan market from December to June.摘要(中文) ………………………………………………………p1 摘要(英文) ………………………………………………………p1 目錄…………………………………………………………………p2 前言…………………………………………………………………P3 前人研究……………………………………………………………P6 材料及方法…………………………………………………………P24 結果…………………………………………………………………P30 討論…………………………………………………………………p38 結論…………………………………………………………………p49 圖表…………………………………………………………………P50 參考書目……………………………………………………………p64 附註…………………………………………………………………P7

中國櫻桃(Prunus pseudocerasus L.)促成栽培

本試驗展現出中國櫻桃盆栽商業生產之潛力，利用盆栽促成栽培，使中國櫻桃賞花期從12月底到3月中旬，而果實採收期理論可從二月中旬到6月，以提供台灣市場食用與觀賞櫻桃。先將櫻桃栽培於中興大學校園內，藉由台中低海拔夏季的熱累積，加快櫻桃營養生長與成熟。經由芽體成熟誘導花芽的創始。於夏末，將櫻桃盆栽移到高海拔的高冷試驗分場(2000公尺)，進行植株的健化與累積碳水化合物。11、12月櫻桃植株在冬季高山或移到冷藏室來滿足中國櫻桃高低溫需求(5℃，1080小時)。This is the first time that Chinese cherry (Prunus Pseudocerasus Lindl) could be grown and harvest in Taiwan. By forcing culture, We can see cherry flower from December to March and eat fruit from February to June. First, Vegetative growth was accelerated in the campus of National Chung-Hsing University at low attitude in central Taiwan by use of accumulating the heat during the summer season. Flower initiation was also induced by measuring the size of buds. Second, In the late summer, the cherry pots were transported to high altitude (2000m) for the acclimation and accumulation of carbohydratw. Toovercome the dormancy of cherry, the high chilling requirement of Chinese cherry

An analogue of topological sequence entropy for Markov hom tree-shifts

Abstract In this article, an analogue $h^S_{\rm top}$ of topological sequence entropy is defined for Markov hom tree-shifts. We explore various aspects of $h^S_{\rm top}$, including the existence of the limit in the definition, its relationship to topological entropy, a full characterization of null systems (with zero $h^S_{\rm top}$ for any $S$), and the upper bound as well as denseness of all possible values. The relationship between this quantity and a variant called induced entropy is also breifly discussed

Determinants of Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Liver Transplant Recipients: The Role of Immunosuppression Reduction

Liver transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression show an attenuated antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Adjusting immunosuppressants during vaccination remains debated. We enrolled 380 liver transplant recipients receiving 2 doses of a protein subunit, mRNA, or a vector vaccine. The patients were informed to temporarily suspend immunosuppression for 2 weeks for both vaccination doses. We measured anti-live-SARS-CoV-2 spike neutralizing antibody levels at 1–2 months after the second vaccination; 83.9% of patients had humoral responses (SARS-CoV-2 NT50 ≥ 9.62 IU/mL) to 2 doses of vaccines. The mRNA (86.7%) and protein subunit vaccines (85%) yielded higher response rates than the vector vaccines (40.9%). Immunosuppression suspension during the two vaccinations yielded a higher response rate (91.5% vs. 57.7%). Only eight patients (2.1%) experienced transaminase level elevation of thrice the normal value (>110 IU/L) after the second vaccination. Most recovered spontaneously after resuming immunosuppression. Multivariate analysis revealed ABO incompatibility, white blood cell count <4000, lymphocyte count <20%, tacrolimus trough level >6.5 ng/mL, and no immunosuppression adjustment as independent risk factors to nonresponse. The mRNA and protein subunit vaccines yielded a higher response rate. Immunosuppression suspension for 2 weeks enhanced the antibody response. ABO incompatibility, leukopenia, lymphopenia, a high tacrolimus trough level, and no immunosuppression adjustment are associated with nonresponse