9,541 research outputs found
Determination of effective stress-effective strain relationship for use as a machinability index
In recent work it has been shown that the effective stress effective
strain relationship of a work material is important in determining the
shear angle in orthogonal cutting. This note describes the method of
obtaining this relationship
GALEX ultraviolet observations of stellar variability in the Hyades and Pleiades clusters
We present GALEX near ultraviolet (NUV:1750 - 2750A) and far ultraviolet
(FUV: 1350 - 1750A) imaging observations of two 1.2 degree diameter fields in
the Hyades and Pleiades open clusters in order to detect possible UV
variability of the member stars. We have performed a detailed software search
for short-term UV flux variability during these observations of the approx 400
sources detected in each of the Hyades and Pleiades fields to identify
flare-like (dMe) stellar objects. This search resulted in the detection of 16
UV variable sources, of which 13 can be directly associated with probable
M-type stars. The other UV sources are G-type stars and one newly discovered RR
Lyrae star, USNOB1.0 1069-0046050, of period 0.624 day and distance 4.5-7.0
kpc. Light curves of photon flux versus time are shown for 7 flare events
recorded on six probable dMe stars. UV energies for these flares span the range
2E27 to 5E29 erg, with a corresponding NUV variability change of 1.82 mag. Only
one of these flare events (on the star Cl* Melotte 25 LH129) can definitely be
associated with an origin on a member the Hyades cluster itself. Finally, many
of our M-type candidates show long periods of enhanced UV activity but without
the associated rapid increase in flux that is normally associated with a flare
event. However, the total UV energy output during such periods of increased
activity is greater than that of many short-term UV flares. These intervals of
enhanced low-level UV activity concur with the idea that, even in quiescence,
the UV emission from dMe stars may be related to a superposition of many small
flare events possessing a wide range of energies.Comment: PASP Submitte
A review of knowledge: inter-row hoeing & its associated agronomy in organic cereal & pulse crops
The aim of this project was to establish the āstate of the artā for inter-row hoeing and its associated agronomic practices in organic cereal and pulse crops. To achieve this a detailed review of literature was undertaken.
ā¢ To facilitate inter-row cultivation in cereal and pulse crops, some adjustment of row spacing may be required. For cereals, drilling crops in 25 cm rows can reduce yield compared with normal drilling practice, primarily due to greater intra-specific competition amongst the crop (i.e. competition between crop plants).
ā¢ The yield penalty resulting from widely spaced crop rows can be minimised using a number of approaches, depending on the drill:
1. Reducing the seed rate in widely spaced crop rows can help to minimise excessive intra-specific competition.
2. Band sowing the crop in wide rows can also help to minimise intra-specific competition as the seed is distributed over a greater area.
3. Using a twin-row arrangement can completely overcome the yield penalty.
ā¢ The recommended row spacing for peas (up to 20 cm) and beans (up to 35 cm) does not require any further adjustment for inter-row hoeing.
ā¢ Recent developments in automated guidance of inter-row hoeing equipment mean that weeding operations can now be conducted a much higher speeds (10 km h-1). This has highlighted the limitations of some of the cultivators currently used (e.g. āAā blades), as excessive soil throw can occur at this high speed. Rolling cultivators may prove to be the most suitable at high forward speeds. For manually guided hoes working at slower speeds (5 km h-1), āAā and āLā blades offer an effective low cost solution.
ā¢ In terms of the timing of inter-row hoeing, it is suggested that weeding operations should be conducted at an early stage in the growing season, as the weeds that emerge with or shortly after the crop are the ones that pose the most significant threat for crop yield. Weeding on two occasions can provide better levels of weed control than weeding once, but weeding more frequently offered little additional benefit. Reductions of weed biomass of up to 99 % have been reported as a result of inter-row hoeing, although this has not always resulted in a positive crop yield response. This is probably due to crop damage resulting from inaccurate hoeing, a problem that can be overcome with automated guidance.
ā¢ There is some evidence to suggest that mechanical weeding operations can mineralise soil bound nitrogen.
ā¢ The impact of inter-row hoeing on ground nesting birds is uncertain. Early indications suggest that skylarks prefer to nest directly adjacent to or in the crop row rather than between rows.
The information contained within this review should enable farmers to make best use of inter-row hoeing in their arable crops.
There are a number of areas that require further research and development:
ā¢ The interaction of seed rate and row spacing needs to be confirmed in organic systems.
ā¢ Relatively little is known about the mechanisms of weed kill and the detailed interaction between the cultivator blade, the weed and the soil. This is particularly important with the new automated guidance equipment that allows weeding at high forward speeds.
ā¢ The timing and frequency of inter-row hoeing has received very little attention. The optimum weed control timings are based on small-plot crop:weed competition studies and need to be verified under field scale management with inter-row hoeing equipment.
ā¢ Finally, the impact of inter-row hoeing and widely spaced crop rows on ground-nesting birds has not been looked at directly, but is of importance.
Please see the main report for a more detailed summary before the full text
Expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the scab mite Psoroptes ovis--allergens, proteases and free-radical scavengers
An Economic analysis of the potential for precision farming in UK cereal production
The results from alternative spatial nitrogen application studies are analysed in economic terms and compared to the costs of precision farming hardware, software and other services for cereal crops in the UK. At current prices, the benefits of variable rate application of nitrogen exceed the returns from a uniform application by an average of Ā£22 haā1 The cost of the precision farming systems range from Ā£5 to Ā£18 haā1 depending upon the system chosen for an area of 250 ha. The benefits outweigh the associated costs for cereal farms in excess of 80 ha for the lowest price system to 200ā300 ha for the more sophisticated systems. The scale of benefits obtained depends upon the magnitude of the response to the treatment and the proportion of the field that will respond. To be cost effective, a farmed area of 250 ha of cereals, where 30% of the area will respond to variable treatment, requires an increase in crop yield in the responsive areas of between 0Ā·25 and 1.00 t haā1 (at Ā£65 tā1) for the basic and most expensive precision farming systems, respectively
Calculating the shear angle in orthogonal metal cutting from fundamental stress-strain-strain rate properties of the work material
An analysis of the orthogonal metal cutting process is made which
enables the shear angle to be calculated from certain fundamental properties
of the work material and the specified cutting conditions. Shear angles
are calculated for a range of cutting conditions and good agreement is
shown between theory and experiment. In particular, such trends as the
decrease in shear angle with decrease in cutting speed and the tendency
for the chip to become discontinuous at slow cutting speeds which are found
experimentally and cannot be explained in terms of previous shear angle
analyses, are shown to be consistent with the present analysis
Preliminary report on the analysis of the stresses in a die-bolster combination
An analysis is presented of the stresses in a carbide die-steel
bolster combination. Results from a computer treatment of this analysis
are given in tabular and graphical form. Suggestions are made as to the
choice of interface diameters, and a nomogram is drawn enabling the maximum
allowable interference to be selected
Counseling Foreign Banks on United States Bank Acquisitions: The Foreign Banker Meets His U.S. Lawyers
- ā¦