Redes aéreas IEEE 802.15.4: tamanho ótimo do pacote e coleta de dados

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-13T21:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wellingtonsoaresjunior.pdf: 21487971 bytes, checksum: e8883e75755a712572e7eef2dd66ce78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 26O Veículo Aéreo não Tripulado (VANT) está se tornando popular graças a avanços tecnológicos, ampliando as aplicações dessa tecnologia. O surgimento da IoT impulsiona o desenvolvimento de novos rádios de baixa potência e baixo consumo de energia. Um dos principais protocolos de comunicação destes rádios é o IEEE 802.15.4. A união entre VANTs e rádios mais eficientes permite a criação de redes aéreas, que são redes de sensores sem fio em que um ou mais de seus nós é composto por um veículo aéreo. Este novo tipo de rede de sensores móveis pode reduzir os custos e proporcionar novas aplicações. Assim, é interessante desenvolver estudos que melhorem o desempenho e utilização desse tipo de rede. Ao alterar o tamanho máximo do pacote transmitido, é possível melhorar a eficiência de sua transmissão. As redes aéreas podem ser utilizadas também como um novo método para realizar coleta de dados de redes de sensores sem fio, em áreas remotas ou de difícil acesso. O objetivo desta dissertação é obter o tamanho ótimo do pacote que otimize o processo de transmissão de pacote de dados. Para essa otimização, foram utilizados três métodos de análise: uso de modelo analítico; simulação computacional e realização de experimento em campo. Para a criação dos nós sensores da rede sem fio, foi desenvolvida uma biblioteca que faz uma interface entre os rádios de baixa potência utilizados no experimento (Xbee 802.15.4) e o microcontrolador MSP430 utilizado como nó sensor. Concluiu-se que, para uma melhor utilização do canal de comunicação em rádios de baixa potência como o utilizado, o melhor tamanho de pacote é sempre aquele com o maior corpo de dados possível. Demonstrou-se que é possível implementar um sistema de coleta de dados de uma rede de sensores sem fio com a utilização de um nó com mobilidade. A biblioteca que realiza a interface entre o microcontrolador e o rádio pode ser expandida e facilmente utilizada em outros projetos que contenham estes dois componentes.The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is becoming popular thanks to technological advances, expanding this technology applications. The rise of IoT drives the development of new low power and low energy consumption radios. One of the main communication protocols for these radios is the IEEE 802.15.4. The union between UAVs and more efficient radio allows the creation of aerial networks, that are wireless sensor networks in which one or more of its nodes is composed of an air vehicle. This new type of mobile sensor network can reduce costs and offer new applications. Thus, it is interesting to develop studies that improve the performance and use of this type of network. By altering the maximum size of the transmitted packet, it is possible to improve the transmission efficiency. Aerial networks can also be used as a new data collection method for wireless sensor networks, in remote or difficult to access zones. The goal of this dissertation is to obtain the optimal packet size that optimize the data packet transmission process. Three analysis methods were employed: use of an analytical model; computer simulation and conducting field experiment. To create the wireless networks sensor nodes, an interface library between the low power radios used in the experiment (XBee 802.15.4) and the used MSP430 microcontroller was developed. It follows that for a better use of the low power radios communication channel, the best packet size is always the one with the greatest possible data body. It was shown that it is possible to implement a wireless sensor networks data collection system with the use of a mobile node. The library which performs the interface between the microcontroller and the radio can be easily expanded and used in other projects containing these two components

Efeitos do treinamento em natação abaixo do limiar de lactato sobre a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos

Os objetivos deste estudo foram testar se programas de natação com intensidades abaixo do limiar de lactato induzem a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos e se a indução da expressão de Hsp72 é distinta nos ventrículos direito e esquerdo. Ratos Wistar foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos: controle (C, n = 8); natação sem sobrecarga (NSS, n = 8); e natação com sobrecarga - 3% do peso corporal (NCS, n = 8). Animais NSS e NCS nadaram 30 minutos/dia, cinco dias/semana, durante sete semanas. Após eutanásia, o coração foi removido, pesado e foram coletados fragmentos dos ventrículos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE) para análise dos níveis de Hsp72. O peso relativo do coração não foi diferente (p=0,68) entre os grupos (C=4,52 ± 0,87; NSS= 4,54 ± 0,79; NCS=4,72 ± 0,16 mg/g). Os níveis de Hsp72 foram maiores no VE do grupo NCS do que no C (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 321,04 ± 9,65 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,0006). Hsp72 no VE do grupo NCS foram maiores que no NSS (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 339,43 ± 10,21 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,004). Não houve diferença de Hsp72 no VD entre os grupos (C=320,02 ± 10,35; NSS=321,53 ± 24,8; NCS=353,08 ± 23,44 unidade arbitrária; p = 0,47). Não houve diferença na expressão de Hsp72 entre VD e VE nos grupos (C, p=0,94; NSS, p=0,52; NCS, p=0,11). Concluiu-se que o programa de natação com intensidade abaixo do limiar de lactato (3% do peso corporal) induz a expressão de HSP 72 no miocárdio de ratos, especialmente no ventrículo esquerdo

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data