Party system closure and openness: conceptualization, operationalization and validation

The degree of closure of the governmental arena is a central aspect of the stabilization of party systems, and yet little systematic effort has been devoted to its operationalization. The article proposes a new index, examines its reliability and validity, and reports the ranking of 60 party systems. By redefining the units of measurement we suggest new indicators that are uniform and transparent in their logic of construction, can be applied both to specific government-changes and to time periods, and are sensitive to the degree of change. The article finds a hierarchy among the components of party system closure, dominated by coalition formula. While new and established democracies can both produced closed patterns, the analysis of inter-war European party systems shows that closed systems are less prone to authoritarian takeover. The article demonstrates the power of inertia: the completely closed configurations stand out as the most durable ones

Gremlin-2 is a BMP antagonist that is regulated by the circadian clock

Tendons are prominent members of the family of fibrous connective tissues (FCTs), which collectively are the most abundant tissues in vertebrates and have crucial roles in transmitting mechanical force and linking organs. Tendon diseases are among the most common arthropathy disorders; thus knowledge of tendon gene regulation is essential for a complete understanding of FCT biology. Here we show autonomous circadian rhythms in mouse tendon and primary human tenocytes, controlled by an intrinsic molecular circadian clock. Time-series microarrays identified the first circadian transcriptome of murine tendon, revealing that 4.6% of the transcripts (745 genes) are expressed in a circadian manner. One of these genes was Grem2, which oscillated in antiphase to BMP signaling. Moreover, recombinant human Gremlin-2 blocked BMP2-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and osteogenic differentiation of human tenocytes in vitro.We observed dampened Grem2 expression, deregulated BMP signaling, and spontaneously calcifying tendons in young CLOCKD19 arrhythmic mice and aged wild-type mice. Thus, disruption of circadian control, through mutations or aging, of Grem2/BMP signaling becomes a new focus for the study of calcific tendinopathy, which affects 1-in-5 people over the age of 50 years

Financing Business Enterprise

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/2993/thumbnail.jp

Economics

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/2972/thumbnail.jp

Money And Banking: A First Course

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3061/thumbnail.jp

Mutual Savings Banks: The Evolution Of A Financial Intermediary

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3066/thumbnail.jp

Money And Banking

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3060/thumbnail.jp

Principles Of Economics

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3096/thumbnail.jp

Savings Banking In New York State, A Study Of Changes In Savings Bank Practice And Policy Occasioned By Important Economic Changes

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3111/thumbnail.jp

Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910,

Bibliography: p. xvi.Mode of access: Internet