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Monitoring and Evaluation of Supplemented Spring Chinook Salmon and Life Histories of Wild Summer Steelhead in the Grande Ronde Basin, 2007 Annual Report.
This is the ninth annual report for a multi-year project designed to monitor and evaluate supplementation of endemic spring Chinook salmon in Catherine Creek and the upper Grande Ronde River. These two streams historically supported anadromous fish populations that provided significant tribal and non-tribal fisheries, but in recent years, have experienced severe declines in abundance. Conventional and captive broodstock supplementation methods are being used to restore these spring Chinook salmon populations. Spring Chinook salmon populations in Catherine Creek and the upper Grande Ronde River, and other streams in the Snake River Basin have experienced severe declines in abundance over the past two decades (Nehlsen et al. 1991). A supplementation program was initiated in Catherine Creek and the upper Grande Ronde River, incorporating the use of both captive and conventional broodstock methods, in order to prevent extinction in the short term and eventually rebuild populations. The captive broodstock component of the program (BPA Project 199801001) uses natural-origin parr collected by seining and reared to maturity at facilities near Seattle, Washington (Manchester Marine Laboratory) and Hood River, Oregon (Bonneville Hatchery). Spawning occurs at Bonneville Hatchery, and resulting progeny are reared in hatcheries. Shortly before outmigration in the spring, juveniles are transferred to acclimation facilities. After an acclimation period of about 2-4 weeks, volitional release begins. Any juveniles remaining after the volitional release period are forced out. The conventional broodstock component uses returning adults collected at traps near the spawning areas, transported to Lookingglass Hatchery near Elgin, Oregon, held, and later spawned. The resulting progeny are reared, acclimated, and released similar to the captive broodstock component. All progeny released receive one or more marks including a fin (adipose) clip, codedwire tag, PIT tag, or visual implant elastomer tag. The numbers of adults used for conventional broodstock are determined by an agreement among comanagers (Zimmerman and Patterson 2002). Activities for this project focus on two life stages of spring Chinook salmon: juveniles during the migration from freshwater to the ocean and adults during prespawning migration through the end of spawning. Life history, production, and genetics are monitored and used to evaluate program effectiveness
Neutrinos below 100 TeV from the southern sky employing refined veto techniques to IceCube data
Many Galactic sources of gamma rays, such as supernova remnants, are expected
to produce neutrinos with a typical energy cutoff well below 100 TeV. For the
IceCube Neutrino Observatory located at the South Pole, the southern sky,
containing the inner part of the Galactic plane and the Galactic Center, is a
particularly challenging region at these energies, because of the large
background of atmospheric muons. In this paper, we present recent advancements
in data selection strategies for track-like muon neutrino events with energies
below 100 TeV from the southern sky. The strategies utilize the outer detector
regions as veto and features of the signal pattern to reduce the background of
atmospheric muons to a level which, for the first time, allows IceCube
searching for point-like sources of neutrinos in the southern sky at energies
between 100 GeV and several TeV in the muon neutrino charged current channel.
No significant clustering of neutrinos above background expectation was
observed in four years of data recorded with the completed IceCube detector.
Upper limits on the neutrino flux for a number of spectral hypotheses are
reported for a list of astrophysical objects in the southern hemisphere.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, 2 table
Influence of Compensating Defect Formation on the Doping Efficiency and Thermoelectric Properties of Cu_(2-y)Se_(1–x)Br_x
The superionic conductor Cu_(2−δ)Se has been shown to be a promising thermoelectric at higher temperatures because of very low lattice thermal conductivities, attributed to the liquid-like mobility of copper ions in the superionic phase. In this work, we present the potential of copper selenide to achieve a high figure of merit at room temperature, if the intrinsically high hole carrier concentration can be reduced. Using bromine as a dopant, we show that reducing the charge carrier concentration in Cu_(2−δ)Se is in fact possible. Furthermore, we provide profound insight into the complex defect chemistry of bromine doped Cu_(2−δ)Se via various analytical methods and investigate the consequential influences on the thermoelectric transport properties. Here, we show, for the first time, the effect of copper vacancy formation as compensating defects when moving the Fermi level closer to the valence band edge. These compensating defects provide an explanation for the often seen doping inefficiencies in thermoelectrics via defect chemistry and guide further progress in the development of new thermoelectric materials
Search for transient optical counterparts to high-energy IceCube neutrinos with Pan-STARRS1
In order to identify the sources of the observed diffuse high-energy neutrino
flux, it is crucial to discover their electromagnetic counterparts. IceCube
began releasing alerts for single high-energy ( TeV) neutrino
detections with sky localisation regions of order 1 deg radius in 2016. We used
Pan-STARRS1 to follow-up five of these alerts during 2016-2017 to search for
any optical transients that may be related to the neutrinos. Typically 10-20
faint ( mag) extragalactic transients are found within the
Pan-STARRS1 footprints and are generally consistent with being unrelated field
supernovae (SNe) and AGN. We looked for unusual properties of the detected
transients, such as temporal coincidence of explosion epoch with the IceCube
timestamp. We found only one transient that had properties worthy of a specific
follow-up. In the Pan-STARRS1 imaging for IceCube-160427A (probability to be of
astrophysical origin of 50 %), we found a SN PS16cgx, located at 10.0'
from the nominal IceCube direction. Spectroscopic observations of PS16cgx
showed that it was an H-poor SN at z = 0.2895. The spectra and light curve
resemble some high-energy Type Ic SNe, raising the possibility of a jet driven
SN with an explosion epoch temporally coincident with the neutrino detection.
However, distinguishing Type Ia and Type Ic SNe at this redshift is notoriously
difficult. Based on all available data we conclude that the transient is more
likely to be a Type Ia with relatively weak SiII absorption and a fairly normal
rest-frame r-band light curve. If, as predicted, there is no high-energy
neutrino emission from Type Ia SNe, then PS16cgx must be a random coincidence,
and unrelated to the IceCube-160427A. We find no other plausible optical
transient for any of the five IceCube events observed down to a 5
limiting magnitude of mag, between 1 day and 25 days after
detection.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, accepted to A&
A muon-track reconstruction exploiting stochastic losses for large-scale Cherenkov detectors
IceCube is a cubic-kilometer Cherenkov telescope operating at the South Pole.
The main goal of IceCube is the detection of astrophysical neutrinos and the
identification of their sources. High-energy muon neutrinos are observed via
the secondary muons produced in charge current interactions with nuclei in the
ice. Currently, the best performing muon track directional reconstruction is
based on a maximum likelihood method using the arrival time distribution of
Cherenkov photons registered by the experiment's photomultipliers. A known
systematic shortcoming of the prevailing method is to assume a continuous
energy loss along the muon track. However at energies TeV the light yield
from muons is dominated by stochastic showers. This paper discusses a
generalized ansatz where the expected arrival time distribution is parametrized
by a stochastic muon energy loss pattern. This more realistic parametrization
of the loss profile leads to an improvement of the muon angular resolution of
up to for through-going tracks and up to a factor 2 for starting tracks
over existing algorithms. Additionally, the procedure to estimate the
directional reconstruction uncertainty has been improved to be more robust
against numerical errors
Investigation of two Fermi-LAT gamma-ray blazars coincident with high-energy neutrinos detected by IceCube
After the identification of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 as the first
compelling IceCube neutrino source candidate, we perform a systematic analysis
of all high-energy neutrino events satisfying the IceCube realtime trigger
criteria. We find one additional known gamma-ray source, the blazar GB6
J1040+0617, in spatial coincidence with a neutrino in this sample. The chance
probability of this coincidence is 30% after trial correction. For the first
time, we present a systematic study of the gamma-ray flux, spectral and optical
variability, and multi-wavelength behavior of GB6 J1040+0617 and compare it to
TXS 0506+056. We find that TXS 0506+056 shows strong flux variability in the
Fermi-LAT gamma-ray band, being in an active state around the arrival of
IceCube-170922A, but in a low state during the archival IceCube neutrino flare
in 2014/15. In both cases the spectral shape is statistically compatible () with the average spectrum showing no indication of a significant
relative increase of a high-energy component. While the association of GB6
J1040+0617 with the neutrino is consistent with background expectations, the
source appears to be a plausible neutrino source candidate based on its
energetics and multi-wavelength features, namely a bright optical flare and
modestly increased gamma-ray activity. Finding one or two neutrinos originating
from gamma-ray blazars in the given sample of high-energy neutrinos is
consistent with previously derived limits of neutrino emission from gamma-ray
blazars, indicating the sources of the majority of cosmic high-energy neutrinos
remain unknown.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, 2 Table
Measurement of atmospheric neutrino mixing with improved IceCube DeepCore calibration and data processing
We describe a new data sample of IceCube DeepCore and report on the latest measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillations obtained with data recorded between 2011–2019. The sample includes significant improvements in data calibration, detector simulation, and data processing, and the analysis benefits from a sophisticated treatment of systematic uncertainties, with significantly greater level of detail since our last study. By measuring the relative fluxes of neutrino flavors as a function of their reconstructed energies and arrival directions we constrain the atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters to be sin2θ23=0.51±0.05 and Δm232=2.41±0.07×10−3 eV2, assuming a normal mass ordering. The errors include both statistical and systematic uncertainties. The resulting 40% reduction in the error of both parameters with respect to our previous result makes this the most precise measurement of oscillation parameters using atmospheric neutrinos. Our results are also compatible and complementary to those obtained using neutrino beams from accelerators, which are obtained at lower neutrino energies and are subject to different sources of uncertainties
A Search for Coincident Neutrino Emission from Fast Radio Bursts with Seven Years of IceCube Cascade Events
This paper presents the results of a search for neutrinos that are spatially
and temporally coincident with 22 unique, non-repeating Fast Radio Bursts
(FRBs) and one repeating FRB (FRB121102). FRBs are a rapidly growing class of
Galactic and extragalactic astrophysical objects that are considered a
potential source of high-energy neutrinos. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory's
previous FRB analyses have solely used track events. This search utilizes seven
years of IceCube's cascade events which are statistically independent of the
track events. This event selection allows probing of a longer range of extended
timescales due to the low background rate. No statistically significant
clustering of neutrinos was observed. Upper limits are set on the
time-integrated neutrino flux emitted by FRBs for a range of extended
time-windows
First Search for Unstable Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
We present a search for an unstable sterile neutrino by looking for a
matter-induced signal in eight years of atmospheric data collected
from 2011 to 2019 at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Both the (stable)
three-neutrino and the 3+1 sterile neutrino models are disfavored relative to
the unstable sterile neutrino model, though with -values of 2.5\% and
0.81\%, respectively, we do not observe evidence for 3+1 neutrinos with
neutrino decay. The best-fit parameters for the sterile neutrino with decay
model from this study are ,
, and , where
is the decay-mediating coupling. The preferred regions from short-baseline
oscillation searches are excluded at 90\% C.L
Density of GeV muons in air showers measured with IceTop
We present a measurement of the density of GeV muons in near-vertical air showers using three years of data recorded by the IceTop array at the South Pole. Depending on the shower size, the muon densities have been measured at lateral distances between 200 and 1000 m. From these lateral distributions, we derive the muon densities as functions of energy at reference distances of 600 and 800 m for primary energies between 2.5 and 40 PeV and between 9 and 120 PeV, respectively. The muon densities are determined using, as a baseline, the hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.1 together with various composition models. The measurements are consistent with the predicted muon densities within these baseline interaction and composition models. The measured muon densities have also been compared to simulations using the post-LHC models EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04. The result of this comparison is that the post-LHC models together with any given composition model yield higher muon densities than observed. This is in contrast to the observations above 1 EeV where all model simulations yield for any mass composition lower muon densities than the measured ones. The post-LHC models in general feature higher muon densities so that the agreement with experimental data at the highest energies is improved but the muon densities are not correct in the energy range between 2.5 and about 100 PeV
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