102 research outputs found
Morning traffic at schools : planning for a safe and functional traffic environment adjacent to a primary school - case study Bryngelstorp Nyköping
MÄnga barn i Sverige blir skjutsade till skolan vilket skapar kaosartade trafikmiljöer i anslutning till skolor frÀmst under morgonen och i viss mÄn Àven eftermiddagen. SkolgÄrdarna mÄste i och med detta ge plats för bilar trots att det inte Àr till nÄgon fördel för barnen.
I början av mitt arbete genomförde jag en litteraturstudie
för att se varför barn inte Àr lika sÀkra som vuxna i trafiken. Barn Àr kortare och har inte samma uppfattningsförmÄga som vuxna, de kan inte heller bedöma varifrÄn ett ljud kommer vilket gör att de Àr osÀkra och utsatta i en miljö med bilar.
Jag studerade morgontimmarna vid Bryngelstorpskolan
i Nyköping, vÄren 2012. Skolan har problem med
morgontrafiken för att barnen blir skjutsade till skolan trots att de flesta bor inom gÄngavstÄnd. Jag var vid skolan och observerade och stÀllde frÄgor till barn, förÀldrar och rektor för att ta reda pÄ hur de upplevde trafiksituationen.
FrÄgestÀllningen i arbetet var:
- Hur ser trafikmiljöer i anslutning till skolor ut idag?
- Vad Àr problematiken kring dessa trafiksituationer?
Bryngelstorpskolan anvÀnde jag som problemexempel och
frÄgestÀllningen inför förbÀttringsförslagen pÄ problemet var:
Hur kan en sÀker och fungerande trafikmiljö i anslutning till en skola se ut?
För att svara pÄ frÄgorna studerade jag dels
Bryngelstorpskolan i Nyköping och dels samtalade jag med
trafikplanerare i Nyköpings kommun och andra kommuner
som arbetar med trafik vid skolor. Dessa var NynÀshamns
kommun och Stockholm stad. Deras erfarenheter bidrog
till att jag fick en bild av hur arbetet med trafik vid
skolor ser ut idag. Det arbetas idag med bÄde fysiska och
beteendepÄverkande ÄtgÀrder. Fysiska ÄtgÀrder sÀkrar
trafikmiljöerna och de beteendepÄverkande ÄtgÀrderna
förankrar trafikmiljöförÀndringarna hos barn och förÀldrar.
Planerarna ansÄg att enbart fysiska lösningar inte Àr en hÄllbar ÄtgÀrd. Trafikmiljöerna Àr osÀkra och kaosartade pÄ grund av familjernas vardagsrutiner och pÄ grund av hur samhÀllet idag Àr uppbyggt med aktiviteter hit och dit och stressade levnadsvanor. Bilturen anses spara tid, och förÀldrarna förstÄr inte att den snarare snor vÀrdefull social och aktiv tid för barnen. PÄ frÄgan om vad problematiken Àr sÄ blev svaret ganska snart under arbetets gÄng tydligt att det Àr förÀldrarna som orsakar kaoset, problemet och osÀkerheten för barnen pÄ deras skolomrÄde.
Jag studerade Àven exempel pÄ ÄtgÀrder som utredare och
teknikkonsulter gjort och utfört pÄ tre skolor i Stockholm. I de studerade exemplen tas inte bilen helt bort ur fokus, mÄnga ÄtgÀrder Àr enbart fysiska Àven om konsulterna samarbetat med Stockholms stad för att ocksÄ pÄverka beteenden.
Konsulterna pÄpekar till och med i sina utredningar att vid
vissa skolor kan problemet inte lösas med fysiska ÄtgÀrder.
Detta tyder pÄ att grundproblemet verkligen inte bara Àr den
fysiska miljön. Jag tror dock att samhÀllsplanerare, exempelvis landskapsarkitekter, kan skapa omrÄden som frÀmjar mindre biltrafik och mer fysisk aktivitet. Trygga, sÀkra miljöer dÀr grannarna kan varandras namn och barnen kÀnner trygghet i sin nÀrmiljö skapar social kontroll och mer rörelsefrihet. I en sÄdan boendemiljö kanske förÀldrar vÄgar lÄta barnen gÄ eller cykla till skolan sjÀlva eller tillsammans med kamrater eller nÄgon vuxen.
I slutet av arbetet summerade jag mina erfarenheter
frÄn samtal med trafikplanerare, studerade exempel och
observationerna vid Bryngelstorp i tre förslag som kan
förbÀttra den befintliga situationen i Nyköping. Förslagen har tre olika inriktningar. Det första bygger pÄ att bilarna inte kan ta ut svÀngarna pÄ skolomrÄdet utan mÄste föras sakta framÄt och utsÀtter dÀrmed inte barnen för samma fara som tidigare.
Förslag tvÄ fokuserar pÄ att ge bilen gott om plats för att
undvika konflikter mellan barn och bilar. Förslag tre fokuserar pÄ skolvÀgen och minskar ner antalet bilar vid skolomrÄdet till endast personalens bilar. I detta förslag lÀmnas barnen av en bit frÄn skolan och fÄr gÄ sista biten.Many children in Sweden are driven to school which creates
chaotic traffic environment adjacent to school areas. This
happens mostly during the morning and to some extent even
in the afternoon. Today school yards must allow cars even
though that is not beneficial for the children.
I did a literature study to start with because I wanted to know why children are not as secure as adults are in traffic. Children are shorter and do not have the same perception as adults, they also can not determine the direction of a sound which means that they are unsafe and vulnerable in an environment with cars.
I did a case study at Bryngelstorpskolan in Nyköping. I
visited the school during the morning hours in the spring of
2012. The school has problems with morning traffic because
the children are driven to school even though most of them
live within walking distance from school. I observed the
chaotic traffic and asked questions to the children, parents
and the principal to find out how they experienced the traffic situation. The issue in my report was:
- How does traffic areas adjacent to schools look like today?
- What are the problems of these traffic situations?
I used Bryngelstorpskolan as an example of a Swedish
school with the mentioned problems. My question for the
suggestions for improvement was:
How can a safe and functional traffic situation adjacent to a school be planned and look like?
To answer the questions I studied Bryngelstorpskolan in
Nyköping, conversed with traffic planners in the municipality of Nyköping and other municipalities dealing with traffic planning at schools. These municipalities were NynÀshamn and City of Stockholm. I got a picture of how the planning process of traffic situations at schools look like today out of their experience. Municipalities work today with both physical and behavioral measures to influence the situations.
Physical measures secure traffic environments and measures
that have impact on behavior anchors the change in children
and parents. The planners believed that only physical
measures are not a sustainable action. Traffic environments
are unsafe and chaotic because of familiesâ daily life and how todayâs society is formed. We participate in activities here and there and have kind of stressful lifestyles. Parents drive their kids to school in the hope of saving time but instead they rather steal valuable social and active time for the kids. When I asked what the problem with the chaotic traffic really is the answer was pretty soon clear that it is the parents who cause chaos, which is the problem and the unsafely for the children in their school area.
I also studied cases where investigators and engineering taken measures and performed improvements at three schools in Stockholm. In the studied examples the car is not completely out of focus, many actions are purely physical, even if they coworked with the City of Stockholm to also have a chance to affect behavior. Consultants point out in their investigations that at some schools, the problem cannot be solved by physical measures. The basic problem is not the physical environment. I think, however, that city planners, landscape architects for example, can create areas that promote less car traffic and more physical activity. Safe, secure environment where neighbors know each otherâs names and the children feel secure in their home environment creates social control and more independent mobility for the children. In such residential environment parents may dare to allow children to walk or cycle by themselves or with a friend or an adult to
school.
I summarized my experiences in the end of the work. Three
suggestions to improve the current situation in Nyköping
came out of the experiences from traffic planners, studied
examples and observations at Bryngelstorp. The proposals
have three different focuses. The first is based on that cars have a limited place to drive on in front of the school yard.
The speed is slow and the children is not expose to the same
danger as before. Proposal two focuses on giving the car
plenty of space to avoid conflicts between children and cars.
Proposal three focuses on kidsâ way to school and reduce the
number of cars on the school yard to only staffs cars. Children will be dropped of a couple of hundred meters from school and will walk the rest
Direct drilling under Swedish conditions
DirektsÄdd i Sverige Àr en etableringsmetod som tillÀmpas i liten omfattning, dÀr endast cirka
tvÄ procent av Sveriges areal direktsÄs. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka direktsÄdd
under svenska förhÄllanden. Det utfördes framförallt genom fÀltstudier, i ett nystartat försök och
i tre pÄgÄende försöksserier. Det nya försöket var direktsÄdd med Seed Hawk och Rapid, dÀr de
bÄda VÀderstadsmaskinerna jÀmfördes med varandra och ett grunt höstbearbetat led i storparcellförsök
pÄ Munsö i MÀlaren. En av de pÄgÄende serierna var ett treÄrigt rikstÀckande försök
med höstrapsetablering, R2-4143. HÀr jÀmfördes plöjning med direktsÄdd och plöjningsfria led
sÄdda med biodrill. En serie med försök som var utplacerade pÄ tre platser i Sverige var optimering
av reducerad bearbetning, R2-4140. I detta fyrÄriga försök jÀmfördes direktsÄdd med olika
bearbetningar som plöjning, grund och djup kultivering och tallriksredskap. Det sista försöket
var ett sexÄrigt försök i VÀderstad som innebar olika jordbearbetningsstrategier, L2-4049. DÀr
hade jorden hade bearbetats med samma metod under fem Är, systemen var plöjning, tallriksredskap,
direktsÄdd, djup och grund kultivering. I försöken studerades olika parametrar, generellt
undersöktes sÄbÀdden, plantantalet, temperaturen, halmförekomst, ogrÀsförkomst, infiltation,
penetrationsmotstÄnd, skörd och en ekonomisk berÀkning.
I försöket pÄ Munsö hade Seed Hawk-ledet en lÄg andel finjord i sÄbÀdden. Ett lÄgt plantantal
i lin observerades Àven i samma led. Tendenser till lÀgre skörd i Seed Hawk-ledet jÀmfört med
höstbearbetat fanns i bÄde lin och Àrtförsöket med 5 respektive 8 procent. I försöket R2-4143
direktsÄtt en högre temperatursumma jÀmfört med plöjt led. DirektsÄdd hade Àven ett lÀgre penetrationsmotstÄnd
pÄ större djup jÀmfört med plöjt led. Skörden var i genomsnitt 5 respektive 8
procent lÀgre i direktsÄtt med och utan förredskap jÀmfört med plöjt. I försöket R2-4140 var det
ocksÄ en lÄg andel finjord i direktsÄdda. TemperaturmÀtningen i försöket pÄ SÀby vid uppkomstfasen
visade lÀgre temperatur i direktsÄtt jÀmfört med plöjt led. PenetrationsmÀtningarna i
försöken visade samtliga samma sak, det direktsÄdda ledet hade lÀgre motstÄnd jÀmfört med de
grunda plöjningsfria bearbetningarna i matjordens nedre del. Medelskörden under de fem Är dÄ
den registrerats var 20 procent lÀgre jÀmfört med plöjt led. I försöket L2-4049 var det en lÄg
andel finjord i direktsÄtt och Àven en hög andel halm. Infiltrationen i det direktsÄdda var högre
jÀmfört med de grunda plöjningsfria bearbetningarna. Av sex skördeÄr var det endast tvÄ dÀr
skörden vid direktsÄdd var lÀgre Àn för det plöjda ledet, medelskörden var en skördesÀnkning
för direktsÄdd pÄ 7 procent. EkonomiberÀkningarna visade ett högre netto för direktsÄtt jÀmfört
med plöjt i försök R2-4143 och L2-4049. Dock var nettot lÀgre i försök R2-4140.
Det Àr mÄnga egenskaper som blir bÀttre av direktsÄdd som infiltration och penetrationsmotstÄnd,
Àven skörden för höstsÄdda grödor hÄlls pÄ en hög nivÄ. Men för att lyckas med direktsÄdd
i Sverige mÄste etableringen av vÄrsÄdda grödor hanteras. Detta genom att skapa mer finjord
runt frö som ökar fuktkontakt och avdunstningsskydd
Detection of EWS/FLI-1 by Immunostaining. An Adjunctive Tool in Diagnosis of Ewing's Sarcoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour on Cytological Samples and Paraffin-Embedded Archival Material
Purpose. Recently we showed that the 68-kDa fusion protein derived
from the EWS/FLI1 hybrid gene can be specifically detected by Western blotting using
a polyclonal antibody to the C-terminal of FLI1 on biopsy material from Ewing's
sarcoma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this antibody also could be
used for immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of
Ewing's sarcoma
Prognostic impact of tumour-specific HMG-CoA reductase expression in primary breast cancer
Introduction We have previously reported that tumour-specific expression of the rate-limiting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutharyl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR), in the mevalonate pathway is associated with more favourable tumour parameters in breast cancer. In the present study, we examined the prognostic value of HMG-CoAR expression in a large cohort of primary breast cancer patients with long-term follow up. Methods The expression of HMG-CoAR was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays with tumour specimens from 498 consecutive cases of breast cancer with a median follow-up of 128 months. Kaplan Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modelling were used to estimate the rate of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS). Results In line with our previous findings, tumour-specific HMG-CoAR expression was associated with low grade (p < 0.001), small size (p = 0.007), oestrogen receptor (ER) positive (p = 0.01), low Ki-67 (p = 0.02) tumours. Patients with tumours expressing HMG-CoAR had a significantly prolonged RFS, even when adjusted for established prognostic factors (relative risk [RR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40 to 0.92; p = 0.02). In ER-negative tumours, however, there was a trend, that was not significantly significant, towards a shorter RFS in HMG-CoAR expressing tumours. Conclusions HMG-CoAR expression is an independent predictor of a prolonged RFS in primary breast cancer. This may, however, not be true for ER-negative tumours. Further studies are needed to shed light on the value of HMG-CoAR expression as a surrogate marker of response to statin treatment, especially with respect to hormone receptor status
Drug sensitivity testing on patient-derived sarcoma cells predicts patient response to treatment and identifies c-Sarc inhibitors as active drugs for translocation sarcomas
BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity and low incidence comprise the biggest challenge in sarcoma diagnosis and treatment. Chemotherapy, although efficient for some sarcoma subtypes, generally results in poor clinical responses and is mostly recommended for advanced disease. Specific genomic aberrations have been identified in some sarcoma subtypes but few of them can be targeted with approved drugs. METHODS: We cultured and characterised patient-derived sarcoma cells and evaluated their sensitivity to 525 anti-cancer agents including both approved and non-approved drugs. In total, 14 sarcomas and 5 healthy mesenchymal primary cell cultures were studied. The sarcoma biopsies and derived cells were characterised by gene panel sequencing, cancer driver gene expression and by detecting specific fusion oncoproteins in situ in sarcomas with translocations. RESULTS: Soft tissue sarcoma cultures were established from patient biopsies with a success rate of 58%. The genomic profile and drug sensitivity testing on these samples helped to identify targeted inhibitors active on sarcomas. The cSrc inhibitor Dasatinib was identified as an active drug in sarcomas carrying chromosomal translocations. The drug sensitivity of the patient sarcoma cells ex vivo correlated with the response to the former treatment of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that patient-derived sarcoma cells cultured in vitro are relevant and practical models for genotypic and phenotypic screens aiming to identify efficient drugs to treat sarcoma patients with poor treatment options.Peer reviewe
Tumor-specific HMG-CoA reductase expression in primary premenopausal breast cancer predicts response to tamoxifen
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: We previously reported an association between tumor-specific 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutharyl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) expression and a good prognosis in breast cancer. Here, the predictive value of HMG-CoAR expression in relation to tamoxifen response was examined. METHODS: HMG-CoAR protein and RNA expression was analyzed in a cell line model of tamoxifen resistance using western blotting and PCR. HMG-CoAR mRNA expression was examined in 155 tamoxifen-treated breast tumors obtained from a previously published gene expression study (Cohort I). HMG-CoAR protein expression was examined in 422 stage II premenopausal breast cancer patients, who had previously participated in a randomized control trial comparing 2 years of tamoxifen with no systemic adjuvant treatment (Cohort II). Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to estimate the risk of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and the effect of HMG-CoAR expression on tamoxifen response. RESULTS: HMG-CoAR protein and RNA expression were decreased in tamoxifen-resistant MCF7-LCC9 cells compared with their tamoxifen-sensitive parental cell line. HMG-CoAR mRNA expression was decreased in tumors that recurred following tamoxifen treatment (P < 0.001) and was an independent predictor of RFS in Cohort I (hazard ratio = 0.63, P = 0.009). In Cohort II, adjuvant tamoxifen increased RFS in HMG-CoAR-positive tumors (P = 0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that HMG-CoAR was an independent predictor of improved RFS in Cohort II (hazard ratio = 0.67, P = 0.010), and subset analysis revealed that this was maintained in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive patients (hazard ratio = 0.65, P = 0.029). Multivariate interaction analysis demonstrated a difference in tamoxifen efficacy relative to HMG-CoAR expression (P = 0.05). Analysis of tamoxifen response revealed that patients with ER-positive/HMG-CoAR tumors had a significant response to tamoxifen (P = 0.010) as well as patients with ER-positive or HMG-CoAR-positive tumors (P = 0.035). Stratification according to ER and HMG-CoAR status demonstrated that ER-positive/HMG-CoAR-positive tumors had an improved RFS compared with ER-positive/HMG-CoAR-negative tumors in the treatment arm (P = 0.033); this effect was lost in the control arm (P = 0.138), however, suggesting that HMG-CoAR predicts tamoxifen response. CONCLUSIONS: HMG-CoAR expression is a predictor of response to tamoxifen in both ER-positive and ER-negative disease. Premenopausal patients with tumors that express ER or HMG-CoAR respond to adjuvant tamoxifen
Posterior capsule opacification and postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery : Predictive and protective factors
Modem cataract surgery with implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL) is
an increasingly safe and successful procedure, though complications still
occur. This thesis addresses the most common complication, posterior
capsule opacification (PCO) and the rare but serious complication
postoperative endophthalmitis (POE).
The pathogenesis of PCO is multifactorial and several surgical and
IOL-related factors appear to play an important role in PCO formation. In
this project the relation of PCO to IOLs of different materials and
design was investigated and, furthermore, the association between PCO and
the anterior capsulorhexis position. In a prospective study, patients
were randomized to have implantation of a heparin-surface-modified (HSM)
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL, a silicone IOL or a hydrophobic
acrylic IOL after phacoemulsification (phaco). The HSM PMMA and the
silicone IOL have rounded optic edges and the acrylic IOL has a
sharp-edged optic. The PCO was assessed using the Evaluation of Posterior
Capsule Opacification (EPCO) analysis system. After 2 years, patients
with a hydrophobic acrylic IOL had significantly less PCO compared to
those with a silicone or a HSM PMMA IOL. Three years postoperatively, the
position of capsulorhexis in the silicone group and the acrylic group,
were retrospectively analysed. Patients with the rhexis completely on the
IOL optic had significantly less PCO than those with a decentred rhexis.
Because of the potentially serious outcome after POE, various
prophylactic regimes are used and putative risk factors are analysed. The
object of this project was the investigation of the efficacy and safety
of a previous undescribed prophylactic mode against POE, an intracameral
injection of cefuroxime. Pharmacokinetic data on intraocular cefuroxime
was analysed. Visual acuity, endothelial cell loss, laser flare intensity
and lgE-mediated hypersensitivity were assessed. Furthermore, the project
included a single-centre, retrospective clinical observation study of POE
in association with prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime. National data
on POE were investigated in a multi-centre prospective observational
study and risk factors for POE were analysed in a single-centre
case-control study. The studies showed that intracameral prophylactic
cefuroxime appears safe and confers protection against POE, the latter in
the sense that traditionally common species causing POE, such as
staphylococci no longer are main aetiologies. Also, the general incidence
of POE was very low
Requirement for mevalonate-derived lipids in cell proliferation : A study of the role of polyisoprenoid alcohols
Requirement for mevalonate-derived lipids
in cell proliferation:
A study of the role of polyisoprenoid
alcohols
Mevalonic acid constitutes a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of a
number of
isoprenoid products. These metabolites include cholesterol and
sterol-derived
molecules, but also a large number of non-sterol isoprene derivatives.
It has been well documented that not only cholesterol, but also a
non-sterol product of
the mevalonate pathway is essential for normal cell growth and division.
In addition,
tumor cells display an increased production of mevalonate and deranged
control of
HMG-CoA reductase, the major rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate
pathway.
Several isoprenoid molecules have been suggested to be of importance in
growth
regulation.
This study was undertaken with the aim to isolate and characterize
mevalonate
products with important functions in cellular growth control. Initially,
several different
cell lines were studied with regard to their production of different
isoprenoid lipids
under varying growth conditions. We thereby found that a SV40-transformed
cell line,
90VA-VI, exhibited an increased resistance to growth inhibition by
HMG-CoA
reductase inhibition that was correlated to synthesis of the long-chain
polyisoprenoid
alcohol dolichol. Subsequently, we studied the effects of HMG-CoA
reductase
inhibition and addition of dolichol in different cell lines. We found
that the cells were
blocked in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that dolichol could
counteract this effect.
Mevalonate-derived lipids were then isolated from tumor cells and normal
cells, and
thereafter tested for stimulatory effects. We found that lipids
corresponding to dolichol
and polyprenol had a stimulative effect on cell proliferation. The
identity of these
lipids was established by mass spectrometry.
Protein prenylation is an important activity-regulating modification in
several proteins
with growth regulatory functions. Since it has been suggested that
protein prenylation
could occur also with long-chain isoprenoids, we also searched for
covalent
modification of proteins by dolichol or related lipids. We then found
that proteins
from several tumor cell lines were modified by dolichol-related lipids,
which might be
of importance for the growth-stimulatory function of dolichol in
growth-inhibited
cells.
Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk 1996
ISBN 91-628-2143-
History Teaching Materialsâ Scientific Foundation: : Queen Kristina In-between Two Traditions of History Didactics
Syftet med denna undersökning Àr att urskilja hur en vetenskaplig grund kan synas och tolkas i framstÀllningen av drottning Kristina i historielÀromedel. Den vetenskapliga grunden representeras i undersökningen av tvÄ historiedidaktiska traditioner: en empirisk tradition, samt en historiefilosofisk tradition. FrÄgestÀllningarna behandlar hur uttryck för en vetenskaplig grund kan synas och tolkas i framstÀllningen av drottning Kristina i historielÀromedel utifrÄn en empirisk respektive historiefilosofisk tradition. Undersökningen realiseras genom att tre lÀromedel undersöks, samtliga publicerade efter implementeringen av att den nuvarande lÀroplanen, LGR11 (Skolverket, 2019a) samt Kapitel 1, 5 § i Skollagen (SFS 2010:800).  Analysen har genomförts genom en kombination av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ textanalys. I resultaten och analysen framgÄr det att det i lÀromedlen kan synas och tolkas en vetenskaplig grund utifrÄn bÄda traditionerna. Bland annat kan det i lÀromedlen urskiljas exempel pÄ nÀr det skapas möjligheter att bÄde utveckla ett historiskt tÀnkande, vilket kan kopplas till empirismen, och utvidga ett historiemedvetande, nÄgot som kan kopplas till historiefilosofin. FortsÀttningsvis visar undersökningen att ett kronologiskt perspektiv pÄ historia kan tolkas som betonat i lÀromedlen. Det genealogiska perspektivet syns frÀmst i periferin, subtilt eller i textsjok avskilda frÄn brödtexten.  I undersökningens diskussion lyfts det bland annat att det kan uppfattas som problematiskt att det kronologiska perspektivet betonas över det genealogiska i lÀromedlen. Detta har kunnat kopplas till att lÀromedlen ofta styr undervisningen och hur historieÀmnet uppfattas samtidigt som de ofta kan förmedla en traditionell och statisk bild av historien (Hammarlund & Lindahl, 2009; Ammert, 2013). En annan slutsats Àr att de olika traditionerna verkar kunna samexistera, nÄgot som de Àven kan synas göra i LGR11 (Skolverket, 2019a)
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