24 research outputs found

    Carbon stock increase during post-agricultural succession in central France: no change of the superficial soil stock and high variability within forest stages

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    Forest development following agricultural abandonment concerns extensive areas including the Massif Central region of France where this study was undertaken. This land-use and land-cover change is expected to have effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services, including an increase of carbon sequestration—a major concern in the face of climate change. Nevertheless, uncertainties about carbon stock changes during successions are remaining, especially as to the total stock and the contribution of the different carbon pools. Our work contributes to this field by studying carbon stocks in multiple plots of different successional stages. We measured and estimated carbon stocks in aboveground and belowground vegetation, deadwood, litter and superficial soil, and surveyed plant communities and plot conditions (slope, aspect, soil characteristics). The average total carbon stock increased along the succession from 70.60 at stage 0 to 314.19 tC ha−1 at stage 5. However, the total carbon stocks at the young forest stage (abandoned for 74 years maximum) and the older forest stage (forested for at least 74 years) were not significantly different, and probably reflected strong local heterogeneity in the older forest stage. An increase of the carbon stock was found in all pools, except the soil pool that did not vary significantly between the successional stages. The aboveground carbon stock was found strongly related to the woody species cover, especially the macrophanerophyte cover. This case study supports the view that the succession dynamics of former agricultural plots participates in carbon sequestration, sometimes with great local variations

    La succession végétale post-agricole : approche par les services écosystémiques et les perceptions des acteurs dans un territoire entre Chaßne des Puys et plaine de la Limagne

    No full text
    Land-use and land-cover changes are a societal issue because of their consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services and disservices (ES and DES). A major change in Europe, taking place historically and currently, is agricultural abandonment meaning that lands are no longer under agricultural management. This interruption is followed by a vegetation succession leading to the development of various successional stages dominated by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, or trees. In this thesis, I studied the effects of this change on ES and DES as well as the way it is perceived by stakeholders. The study zone considered is situated south of the city of Clermont-Ferrand between the ChaĂźne des Puys and the Limagne plain.The objectives of this research work were to: (1) investigate and understand the LULC changes, and the extent of abandonment and forest expansion in the study zone, (2) measure the modifications of ecosystems capacity to deliver ES following abandonment along a vegetation succession. This analysis was carried on for three ES of interest: soil quality, carbon stock and erosion limitation, (3) determine the ES and DES delivered by post-abandonment ecosystem according to the zone’s stakeholders, the way they perceive this change and its management.A diachronic cartography (1946 and 2019) was made and shows that vegetation (shrubs and trees) developed on 23% of the agricultural surfaces of 1946. This evolution happened concurrently with substantial demographic variations: population reached a low point in 1946 before sharply increasing. The zone was thus a rural area that undergone forest expansion, peri-urbanization, and also intensification of the remaining agricultural lands.Measures in the field characterizing the level of three ES indicate that abandonment and succession have a significant effect on carbon stock: the old forest (at least 74 years old) stock 314.19 tC ha-1 on average, the equivalent of 4.5 the stock of initial succession stages. The effect of succession of soil quality is less substantial and straightforward: organic matter and nutrient content experience only a little increase. Erosion limitation ES was approached through two values: soil sensitivity to erosion which slightly increases with succession and the stratified vegetation cover index (representing the protection provided to soil by vegetation) which increases with a maximum reached in intermediate succession stages.Perceptions of abandonment and succession were studied through 29 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and a survey that was disseminated to inhabitants via municipalities communication services (279 answers). Results show that stakeholders and inhabitants do not always distinguish the different succession stages; they also see post-abandonment ecosystems as delivering bot ES and EDS indicating ambivalent perceptions. Interviews revealed that perceptions are also driven by the other LULC changes happening in the zone (urbanization and agricultural intensification). Inhabitants gave contrasted answers regarding ES and EDS delivered by succession stages pointing out dissensus among them. Younger people and those recently domiciliated in the zone as well as those with an executive or intermediate job position are more favorable to ecosystem developing without human management.All in all, this work shows that the zone LULC has drastically changed, agricultural abandonment and post-agricultural vegetation succession modify ecosystem capacity to deliver some ES while other appear less affected. The study zone includes a diversity of stakeholders and inhabitants who see these changes as a source of benefits and of nuisances and whose perception is driven by multiple factors including profession, age and relation to unmanaged ecosystems.Les changements d’occupation des sols sont un enjeu sociĂ©tal du fait de leurs consĂ©quences sur la biodiversitĂ© et les services et disservices Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE et DSE). Un changement majeur en Europe est l’abandon agricole. Des terres sous gestion agricole ne le sont plus et cet arrĂȘt est suivi par une succession vĂ©gĂ©tale entraĂźnant le dĂ©veloppement de stades de succession dominĂ©s par des espĂšces herbacĂ©es, arbustives et buissonnantes ou arborĂ©es. Dans ce travail de thĂšse, les effets de ce changement sur les SE et DSE ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s, de mĂȘme que les perceptions qu’en ont les acteurs et les habitants. Le territoire d’étude considĂ©rĂ© est situĂ© au sud de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand entre la ChaĂźne des Puys et la plaine de Limagne.Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont les suivants : (1) renseigner et comprendre les changements d’occupation des sol, l’ampleur de l’abandon des usages agricoles et de l’expansion forestiĂšre dans le territoire d’étude, (2) mesurer les variations de la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir des SE suite Ă  l’abandon des usages agricoles le long d’un gradient de succession post-abandon. Cette analyse a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt : la qualitĂ© du sol, le stockage du carbone et la limitation de l’érosion, (3) dĂ©terminer les SE et DSE rendus par les Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon d’aprĂšs les acteurs du territoire, leur perception de ce changement et de sa gestion.La rĂ©alisation d’une cartographie diachronique (1946-2019) montre qu’une vĂ©gĂ©tation s’est dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur 23% des zones encore sous gestion agricole en 1946. Cette Ă©volution est parallĂšle Ă  d’importantes variations dĂ©mographiques : la population avait atteint un niveau bas en 1946 avant d’augmenter. La zone qui Ă©tait rurale a connu un phĂ©nomĂšne d’expansion forestiĂšre, de pĂ©riurbanisation et d’intensification des zones restĂ©es agricoles.Les mesures in situ permettant de caractĂ©riser le niveau des trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt indiquent que l’abandon et la succession ont un effet significatif sur le stock de carbone : les vieille forĂȘts (au moins 74 ans) stockent en moyenne 314.19 tC ha-1 soit 4.5 fois plus que le stade initial. L’effet de la succession sur la qualitĂ© du sol est moins important : la matiĂšre organique et le contenu nutritif augmentent peu. Pour le service de limitation de l’érosion, deux composantes sont renseignĂ©es : la sensibilitĂ© du sol qui augmente lĂ©gĂšrement avec les stades de succession, et la protection apportĂ©e au sol par les strates de vĂ©gĂ©tation qui augmente avec un niveau maximal pour les stades de succession intermĂ©diaires.Les perceptions de l’abandon et de la succession ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es via 29 entretiens avec des acteurs du territoire et un questionnaire en ligne diffusĂ© aux habitants par les communes (279 rĂ©pondants). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que acteurs et habitants ne distinguent pas toujours les diffĂ©rents stades de succession et que selon eux les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon rendent des SE aussi bien que des DSE, indiquant que la perception de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes est ambivalente. Ils montrent aussi que les autres changements d’occupation des sols de la zone, l’urbanisation et l’intensification agricole, influencent la perception des acteurs. Les habitants prĂ©sentent des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es quant aux SE et DSE rendus par les diffĂ©rents stades de succession. Les personnes plus jeunes, arrivĂ©es rĂ©cemment, les cadres et les professions intermĂ©diaires sont plus favorables Ă  des Ă©cosystĂšmes oĂč il n’y a aucune gestion humaine. Ce travail montre donc que l’occupation des sols de la zone a considĂ©rablement changĂ©, l’abandon agricole et la succession vĂ©gĂ©tale post-agricole modifient la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir certains SE tandis que d’autres sont peu affectĂ©s. Le territoire Ă©tudiĂ© compte une diversitĂ© d’acteurs et d’habitants qui voient dans ces changements Ă  la fois des bienfaits et des nuisances et dont la perception dĂ©pend de multiple facteurs dont la profession, l’ñge et la relation Ă  l’absence de gestion

    La succession végétale post-agricole : approche par les services écosystémiques et les perceptions des acteurs dans un territoire entre Chaßne des Puys et plaine de la Limagne

    No full text
    Land-use and land-cover changes are a societal issue because of their consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services and disservices (ES and DES). A major change in Europe, taking place historically and currently, is agricultural abandonment meaning that lands are no longer under agricultural management. This interruption is followed by a vegetation succession leading to the development of various successional stages dominated by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, or trees. In this thesis, I studied the effects of this change on ES and DES as well as the way it is perceived by stakeholders. The study zone considered is situated south of the city of Clermont-Ferrand between the ChaĂźne des Puys and the Limagne plain.The objectives of this research work were to: (1) investigate and understand the LULC changes, and the extent of abandonment and forest expansion in the study zone, (2) measure the modifications of ecosystems capacity to deliver ES following abandonment along a vegetation succession. This analysis was carried on for three ES of interest: soil quality, carbon stock and erosion limitation, (3) determine the ES and DES delivered by post-abandonment ecosystem according to the zone’s stakeholders, the way they perceive this change and its management.A diachronic cartography (1946 and 2019) was made and shows that vegetation (shrubs and trees) developed on 23% of the agricultural surfaces of 1946. This evolution happened concurrently with substantial demographic variations: population reached a low point in 1946 before sharply increasing. The zone was thus a rural area that undergone forest expansion, peri-urbanization, and also intensification of the remaining agricultural lands.Measures in the field characterizing the level of three ES indicate that abandonment and succession have a significant effect on carbon stock: the old forest (at least 74 years old) stock 314.19 tC ha-1 on average, the equivalent of 4.5 the stock of initial succession stages. The effect of succession of soil quality is less substantial and straightforward: organic matter and nutrient content experience only a little increase. Erosion limitation ES was approached through two values: soil sensitivity to erosion which slightly increases with succession and the stratified vegetation cover index (representing the protection provided to soil by vegetation) which increases with a maximum reached in intermediate succession stages.Perceptions of abandonment and succession were studied through 29 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and a survey that was disseminated to inhabitants via municipalities communication services (279 answers). Results show that stakeholders and inhabitants do not always distinguish the different succession stages; they also see post-abandonment ecosystems as delivering bot ES and EDS indicating ambivalent perceptions. Interviews revealed that perceptions are also driven by the other LULC changes happening in the zone (urbanization and agricultural intensification). Inhabitants gave contrasted answers regarding ES and EDS delivered by succession stages pointing out dissensus among them. Younger people and those recently domiciliated in the zone as well as those with an executive or intermediate job position are more favorable to ecosystem developing without human management.All in all, this work shows that the zone LULC has drastically changed, agricultural abandonment and post-agricultural vegetation succession modify ecosystem capacity to deliver some ES while other appear less affected. The study zone includes a diversity of stakeholders and inhabitants who see these changes as a source of benefits and of nuisances and whose perception is driven by multiple factors including profession, age and relation to unmanaged ecosystems.Les changements d’occupation des sols sont un enjeu sociĂ©tal du fait de leurs consĂ©quences sur la biodiversitĂ© et les services et disservices Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE et DSE). Un changement majeur en Europe est l’abandon agricole. Des terres sous gestion agricole ne le sont plus et cet arrĂȘt est suivi par une succession vĂ©gĂ©tale entraĂźnant le dĂ©veloppement de stades de succession dominĂ©s par des espĂšces herbacĂ©es, arbustives et buissonnantes ou arborĂ©es. Dans ce travail de thĂšse, les effets de ce changement sur les SE et DSE ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s, de mĂȘme que les perceptions qu’en ont les acteurs et les habitants. Le territoire d’étude considĂ©rĂ© est situĂ© au sud de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand entre la ChaĂźne des Puys et la plaine de Limagne.Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont les suivants : (1) renseigner et comprendre les changements d’occupation des sol, l’ampleur de l’abandon des usages agricoles et de l’expansion forestiĂšre dans le territoire d’étude, (2) mesurer les variations de la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir des SE suite Ă  l’abandon des usages agricoles le long d’un gradient de succession post-abandon. Cette analyse a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt : la qualitĂ© du sol, le stockage du carbone et la limitation de l’érosion, (3) dĂ©terminer les SE et DSE rendus par les Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon d’aprĂšs les acteurs du territoire, leur perception de ce changement et de sa gestion.La rĂ©alisation d’une cartographie diachronique (1946-2019) montre qu’une vĂ©gĂ©tation s’est dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur 23% des zones encore sous gestion agricole en 1946. Cette Ă©volution est parallĂšle Ă  d’importantes variations dĂ©mographiques : la population avait atteint un niveau bas en 1946 avant d’augmenter. La zone qui Ă©tait rurale a connu un phĂ©nomĂšne d’expansion forestiĂšre, de pĂ©riurbanisation et d’intensification des zones restĂ©es agricoles.Les mesures in situ permettant de caractĂ©riser le niveau des trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt indiquent que l’abandon et la succession ont un effet significatif sur le stock de carbone : les vieille forĂȘts (au moins 74 ans) stockent en moyenne 314.19 tC ha-1 soit 4.5 fois plus que le stade initial. L’effet de la succession sur la qualitĂ© du sol est moins important : la matiĂšre organique et le contenu nutritif augmentent peu. Pour le service de limitation de l’érosion, deux composantes sont renseignĂ©es : la sensibilitĂ© du sol qui augmente lĂ©gĂšrement avec les stades de succession, et la protection apportĂ©e au sol par les strates de vĂ©gĂ©tation qui augmente avec un niveau maximal pour les stades de succession intermĂ©diaires.Les perceptions de l’abandon et de la succession ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es via 29 entretiens avec des acteurs du territoire et un questionnaire en ligne diffusĂ© aux habitants par les communes (279 rĂ©pondants). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que acteurs et habitants ne distinguent pas toujours les diffĂ©rents stades de succession et que selon eux les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon rendent des SE aussi bien que des DSE, indiquant que la perception de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes est ambivalente. Ils montrent aussi que les autres changements d’occupation des sols de la zone, l’urbanisation et l’intensification agricole, influencent la perception des acteurs. Les habitants prĂ©sentent des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es quant aux SE et DSE rendus par les diffĂ©rents stades de succession. Les personnes plus jeunes, arrivĂ©es rĂ©cemment, les cadres et les professions intermĂ©diaires sont plus favorables Ă  des Ă©cosystĂšmes oĂč il n’y a aucune gestion humaine. Ce travail montre donc que l’occupation des sols de la zone a considĂ©rablement changĂ©, l’abandon agricole et la succession vĂ©gĂ©tale post-agricole modifient la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir certains SE tandis que d’autres sont peu affectĂ©s. Le territoire Ă©tudiĂ© compte une diversitĂ© d’acteurs et d’habitants qui voient dans ces changements Ă  la fois des bienfaits et des nuisances et dont la perception dĂ©pend de multiple facteurs dont la profession, l’ñge et la relation Ă  l’absence de gestion

    La succession végétale post-agricole : approche par les services écosystémiques et les perceptions des acteurs dans un territoire entre Chaßne des Puys et plaine de la Limagne

    No full text
    Land-use and land-cover changes are a societal issue because of their consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services and disservices (ES and DES). A major change in Europe, taking place historically and currently, is agricultural abandonment meaning that lands are no longer under agricultural management. This interruption is followed by a vegetation succession leading to the development of various successional stages dominated by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, or trees. In this thesis, I studied the effects of this change on ES and DES as well as the way it is perceived by stakeholders. The study zone considered is situated south of the city of Clermont-Ferrand between the ChaĂźne des Puys and the Limagne plain.The objectives of this research work were to: (1) investigate and understand the LULC changes, and the extent of abandonment and forest expansion in the study zone, (2) measure the modifications of ecosystems capacity to deliver ES following abandonment along a vegetation succession. This analysis was carried on for three ES of interest: soil quality, carbon stock and erosion limitation, (3) determine the ES and DES delivered by post-abandonment ecosystem according to the zone’s stakeholders, the way they perceive this change and its management.A diachronic cartography (1946 and 2019) was made and shows that vegetation (shrubs and trees) developed on 23% of the agricultural surfaces of 1946. This evolution happened concurrently with substantial demographic variations: population reached a low point in 1946 before sharply increasing. The zone was thus a rural area that undergone forest expansion, peri-urbanization, and also intensification of the remaining agricultural lands.Measures in the field characterizing the level of three ES indicate that abandonment and succession have a significant effect on carbon stock: the old forest (at least 74 years old) stock 314.19 tC ha-1 on average, the equivalent of 4.5 the stock of initial succession stages. The effect of succession of soil quality is less substantial and straightforward: organic matter and nutrient content experience only a little increase. Erosion limitation ES was approached through two values: soil sensitivity to erosion which slightly increases with succession and the stratified vegetation cover index (representing the protection provided to soil by vegetation) which increases with a maximum reached in intermediate succession stages.Perceptions of abandonment and succession were studied through 29 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and a survey that was disseminated to inhabitants via municipalities communication services (279 answers). Results show that stakeholders and inhabitants do not always distinguish the different succession stages; they also see post-abandonment ecosystems as delivering bot ES and EDS indicating ambivalent perceptions. Interviews revealed that perceptions are also driven by the other LULC changes happening in the zone (urbanization and agricultural intensification). Inhabitants gave contrasted answers regarding ES and EDS delivered by succession stages pointing out dissensus among them. Younger people and those recently domiciliated in the zone as well as those with an executive or intermediate job position are more favorable to ecosystem developing without human management.All in all, this work shows that the zone LULC has drastically changed, agricultural abandonment and post-agricultural vegetation succession modify ecosystem capacity to deliver some ES while other appear less affected. The study zone includes a diversity of stakeholders and inhabitants who see these changes as a source of benefits and of nuisances and whose perception is driven by multiple factors including profession, age and relation to unmanaged ecosystems.Les changements d’occupation des sols sont un enjeu sociĂ©tal du fait de leurs consĂ©quences sur la biodiversitĂ© et les services et disservices Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE et DSE). Un changement majeur en Europe est l’abandon agricole. Des terres sous gestion agricole ne le sont plus et cet arrĂȘt est suivi par une succession vĂ©gĂ©tale entraĂźnant le dĂ©veloppement de stades de succession dominĂ©s par des espĂšces herbacĂ©es, arbustives et buissonnantes ou arborĂ©es. Dans ce travail de thĂšse, les effets de ce changement sur les SE et DSE ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s, de mĂȘme que les perceptions qu’en ont les acteurs et les habitants. Le territoire d’étude considĂ©rĂ© est situĂ© au sud de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand entre la ChaĂźne des Puys et la plaine de Limagne.Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont les suivants : (1) renseigner et comprendre les changements d’occupation des sol, l’ampleur de l’abandon des usages agricoles et de l’expansion forestiĂšre dans le territoire d’étude, (2) mesurer les variations de la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir des SE suite Ă  l’abandon des usages agricoles le long d’un gradient de succession post-abandon. Cette analyse a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt : la qualitĂ© du sol, le stockage du carbone et la limitation de l’érosion, (3) dĂ©terminer les SE et DSE rendus par les Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon d’aprĂšs les acteurs du territoire, leur perception de ce changement et de sa gestion.La rĂ©alisation d’une cartographie diachronique (1946-2019) montre qu’une vĂ©gĂ©tation s’est dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur 23% des zones encore sous gestion agricole en 1946. Cette Ă©volution est parallĂšle Ă  d’importantes variations dĂ©mographiques : la population avait atteint un niveau bas en 1946 avant d’augmenter. La zone qui Ă©tait rurale a connu un phĂ©nomĂšne d’expansion forestiĂšre, de pĂ©riurbanisation et d’intensification des zones restĂ©es agricoles.Les mesures in situ permettant de caractĂ©riser le niveau des trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt indiquent que l’abandon et la succession ont un effet significatif sur le stock de carbone : les vieille forĂȘts (au moins 74 ans) stockent en moyenne 314.19 tC ha-1 soit 4.5 fois plus que le stade initial. L’effet de la succession sur la qualitĂ© du sol est moins important : la matiĂšre organique et le contenu nutritif augmentent peu. Pour le service de limitation de l’érosion, deux composantes sont renseignĂ©es : la sensibilitĂ© du sol qui augmente lĂ©gĂšrement avec les stades de succession, et la protection apportĂ©e au sol par les strates de vĂ©gĂ©tation qui augmente avec un niveau maximal pour les stades de succession intermĂ©diaires.Les perceptions de l’abandon et de la succession ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es via 29 entretiens avec des acteurs du territoire et un questionnaire en ligne diffusĂ© aux habitants par les communes (279 rĂ©pondants). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que acteurs et habitants ne distinguent pas toujours les diffĂ©rents stades de succession et que selon eux les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon rendent des SE aussi bien que des DSE, indiquant que la perception de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes est ambivalente. Ils montrent aussi que les autres changements d’occupation des sols de la zone, l’urbanisation et l’intensification agricole, influencent la perception des acteurs. Les habitants prĂ©sentent des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es quant aux SE et DSE rendus par les diffĂ©rents stades de succession. Les personnes plus jeunes, arrivĂ©es rĂ©cemment, les cadres et les professions intermĂ©diaires sont plus favorables Ă  des Ă©cosystĂšmes oĂč il n’y a aucune gestion humaine. Ce travail montre donc que l’occupation des sols de la zone a considĂ©rablement changĂ©, l’abandon agricole et la succession vĂ©gĂ©tale post-agricole modifient la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir certains SE tandis que d’autres sont peu affectĂ©s. Le territoire Ă©tudiĂ© compte une diversitĂ© d’acteurs et d’habitants qui voient dans ces changements Ă  la fois des bienfaits et des nuisances et dont la perception dĂ©pend de multiple facteurs dont la profession, l’ñge et la relation Ă  l’absence de gestion

    Post-agricultural vegetational succession in the Massif central region (France) : an approach based on ecosystem services and stakeholders’ perceptions

    No full text
    Les changements d’occupation des sols sont un enjeu sociĂ©tal du fait de leurs consĂ©quences sur la biodiversitĂ© et les services et disservices Ă©cosystĂ©miques (SE et DSE). Un changement majeur en Europe est l’abandon agricole. Des terres sous gestion agricole ne le sont plus et cet arrĂȘt est suivi par une succession vĂ©gĂ©tale entraĂźnant le dĂ©veloppement de stades de succession dominĂ©s par des espĂšces herbacĂ©es, arbustives et buissonnantes ou arborĂ©es. Dans ce travail de thĂšse, les effets de ce changement sur les SE et DSE ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s, de mĂȘme que les perceptions qu’en ont les acteurs et les habitants. Le territoire d’étude considĂ©rĂ© est situĂ© au sud de la ville de Clermont-Ferrand entre la ChaĂźne des Puys et la plaine de Limagne.Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont les suivants : (1) renseigner et comprendre les changements d’occupation des sol, l’ampleur de l’abandon des usages agricoles et de l’expansion forestiĂšre dans le territoire d’étude, (2) mesurer les variations de la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir des SE suite Ă  l’abandon des usages agricoles le long d’un gradient de succession post-abandon. Cette analyse a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt : la qualitĂ© du sol, le stockage du carbone et la limitation de l’érosion, (3) dĂ©terminer les SE et DSE rendus par les Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon d’aprĂšs les acteurs du territoire, leur perception de ce changement et de sa gestion.La rĂ©alisation d’une cartographie diachronique (1946-2019) montre qu’une vĂ©gĂ©tation s’est dĂ©veloppĂ©e sur 23% des zones encore sous gestion agricole en 1946. Cette Ă©volution est parallĂšle Ă  d’importantes variations dĂ©mographiques : la population avait atteint un niveau bas en 1946 avant d’augmenter. La zone qui Ă©tait rurale a connu un phĂ©nomĂšne d’expansion forestiĂšre, de pĂ©riurbanisation et d’intensification des zones restĂ©es agricoles.Les mesures in situ permettant de caractĂ©riser le niveau des trois SE d’intĂ©rĂȘt indiquent que l’abandon et la succession ont un effet significatif sur le stock de carbone : les vieille forĂȘts (au moins 74 ans) stockent en moyenne 314.19 tC ha-1 soit 4.5 fois plus que le stade initial. L’effet de la succession sur la qualitĂ© du sol est moins important : la matiĂšre organique et le contenu nutritif augmentent peu. Pour le service de limitation de l’érosion, deux composantes sont renseignĂ©es : la sensibilitĂ© du sol qui augmente lĂ©gĂšrement avec les stades de succession, et la protection apportĂ©e au sol par les strates de vĂ©gĂ©tation qui augmente avec un niveau maximal pour les stades de succession intermĂ©diaires.Les perceptions de l’abandon et de la succession ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es via 29 entretiens avec des acteurs du territoire et un questionnaire en ligne diffusĂ© aux habitants par les communes (279 rĂ©pondants). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que acteurs et habitants ne distinguent pas toujours les diffĂ©rents stades de succession et que selon eux les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes post-abandon rendent des SE aussi bien que des DSE, indiquant que la perception de ces Ă©cosystĂšmes est ambivalente. Ils montrent aussi que les autres changements d’occupation des sols de la zone, l’urbanisation et l’intensification agricole, influencent la perception des acteurs. Les habitants prĂ©sentent des rĂ©ponses contrastĂ©es quant aux SE et DSE rendus par les diffĂ©rents stades de succession. Les personnes plus jeunes, arrivĂ©es rĂ©cemment, les cadres et les professions intermĂ©diaires sont plus favorables Ă  des Ă©cosystĂšmes oĂč il n’y a aucune gestion humaine. Ce travail montre donc que l’occupation des sols de la zone a considĂ©rablement changĂ©, l’abandon agricole et la succession vĂ©gĂ©tale post-agricole modifient la capacitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes Ă  fournir certains SE tandis que d’autres sont peu affectĂ©s. Le territoire Ă©tudiĂ© compte une diversitĂ© d’acteurs et d’habitants qui voient dans ces changements Ă  la fois des bienfaits et des nuisances et dont la perception dĂ©pend de multiple facteurs dont la profession, l’ñge et la relation Ă  l’absence de gestion.Land-use and land-cover changes are a societal issue because of their consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services and disservices (ES and DES). A major change in Europe, taking place historically and currently, is agricultural abandonment meaning that lands are no longer under agricultural management. This interruption is followed by a vegetation succession leading to the development of various successional stages dominated by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, or trees. In this thesis, I studied the effects of this change on ES and DES as well as the way it is perceived by stakeholders. The study zone considered is situated south of the city of Clermont-Ferrand between the ChaĂźne des Puys and the Limagne plain.The objectives of this research work were to: (1) investigate and understand the LULC changes, and the extent of abandonment and forest expansion in the study zone, (2) measure the modifications of ecosystems capacity to deliver ES following abandonment along a vegetation succession. This analysis was carried on for three ES of interest: soil quality, carbon stock and erosion limitation, (3) determine the ES and DES delivered by post-abandonment ecosystem according to the zone’s stakeholders, the way they perceive this change and its management.A diachronic cartography (1946 and 2019) was made and shows that vegetation (shrubs and trees) developed on 23% of the agricultural surfaces of 1946. This evolution happened concurrently with substantial demographic variations: population reached a low point in 1946 before sharply increasing. The zone was thus a rural area that undergone forest expansion, peri-urbanization, and also intensification of the remaining agricultural lands.Measures in the field characterizing the level of three ES indicate that abandonment and succession have a significant effect on carbon stock: the old forest (at least 74 years old) stock 314.19 tC ha-1 on average, the equivalent of 4.5 the stock of initial succession stages. The effect of succession of soil quality is less substantial and straightforward: organic matter and nutrient content experience only a little increase. Erosion limitation ES was approached through two values: soil sensitivity to erosion which slightly increases with succession and the stratified vegetation cover index (representing the protection provided to soil by vegetation) which increases with a maximum reached in intermediate succession stages.Perceptions of abandonment and succession were studied through 29 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and a survey that was disseminated to inhabitants via municipalities communication services (279 answers). Results show that stakeholders and inhabitants do not always distinguish the different succession stages; they also see post-abandonment ecosystems as delivering bot ES and EDS indicating ambivalent perceptions. Interviews revealed that perceptions are also driven by the other LULC changes happening in the zone (urbanization and agricultural intensification). Inhabitants gave contrasted answers regarding ES and EDS delivered by succession stages pointing out dissensus among them. Younger people and those recently domiciliated in the zone as well as those with an executive or intermediate job position are more favorable to ecosystem developing without human management.All in all, this work shows that the zone LULC has drastically changed, agricultural abandonment and post-agricultural vegetation succession modify ecosystem capacity to deliver some ES while other appear less affected. The study zone includes a diversity of stakeholders and inhabitants who see these changes as a source of benefits and of nuisances and whose perception is driven by multiple factors including profession, age and relation to unmanaged ecosystems

    Land-use and cover changes in the Massif Central region of France. Extent of afforestation and its consequences on ecosystems

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    Afforestation following agricultural abandonment along with urbanization and agricultural intensification are dominant land use/cover changes (LUCC) long lasting and still ongoing today in Europe. They have major consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). However, afforestation has interestingly many negative as well as positive impacts (Foote and Grogan, 2010; Lasanta et al., 2015; Ustaoglu and Collier, 2018). Our work focuses on a study zone in the Massif Central region of France which is undergoing those three LUCC. We aimed at mapping LUCC and evaluate the effects of afforestation on ecosystems and ES. Using historical areal orthophotos and data bases we mapped LUC in 1946 and in 2019. Data were subsequently obtained on field sites representing plots of various succession stages, from grasslands to mature forest. They characterize multiple parameters: vegetation (richness, abondance), soil (structure, composition) and carbon stock as a regulation ES. Comparison between 1946 and 1999 LUC maps confirmed the increase of wooded areas (19% in 1946 and 34% in 2019) and of urban areas (3% and 13%) and the decrease of agricultural lands (78% and 51%). Moreover, we observed a land-sparing trend with plain areas at low altitudes being dedicated to urbanization and intensified croplands while steep areas at higher altitude are much concerned by afforestation. Changes in vegetation composition will be discussed in parallel with soil data and carbon stock. Foote, R.L., Grogan, P., 2010. Soil Carbon Accumulation During Temperate Forest Succession on Abandoned Low Productivity Agricultural Lands. Ecosystems 13, 795–812.Lasanta, T., Nadal-Romero, E., Arnáez, J., 2015. Managing abandoned farmland to control the impact of re-vegetation on the environment. The state of the art in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy 52, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.012Ustaoglu, E., Collier, M.J., 2018. Farmland abandonment in Europe: an overview of drivers, consequences, and assessment of the sustainability implications. Environ. Rev. 26, 396–416. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-000
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