12,296 research outputs found
Observation and interpretation of motional sideband asymmetry in a quantum electro-mechanical device
Quantum electro-mechanical systems offer a unique opportunity to probe
quantum noise properties in macroscopic devices, properties which ultimately
stem from the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. A simple example of this is
expected to occur in a microwave parametric transducer, where mechanical motion
generates motional sidebands corresponding to the up and down
frequency-conversion of microwave photons. Due to quantum vacuum noise, the
rates of these processes are expected to be unequal. We measure this
fundamental imbalance in a microwave transducer coupled to a radio-frequency
mechanical mode, cooled near the ground state of motion. We also discuss the
subtle origin of this imbalance: depending on the measurement scheme, the
imbalance is most naturally attributed to the quantum fluctuations of either
the mechanical mode or of the electromagnetic field
Quantum squeezing of motion in a mechanical resonator
As a result of the quantum, wave-like nature of the physical world, a
harmonic oscillator can never be completely at rest. Even in the quantum ground
state, its position will always have fluctuations, called the zero-point
motion. Although the zero-point fluctuations are unavoidable, they can be
manipulated. In this work, using microwave frequency radiation pressure, we
both prepare a micron-scale mechanical system in a state near the quantum
ground state and then manipulate its thermal fluctuations to produce a
stationary, quadrature-squeezed state. We deduce that the variance of one
motional quadrature is 0.80 times the zero-point level, or 1 dB of
sub-zero-point squeezing. This work is relevant to the quantum engineering of
states of matter at large length scales, the study of decoherence of large
quantum systems, and for the realization of ultra-sensitive sensing of force
and motion
Extracting the Mass Dependence and Quantum Numbers of Short-Range Correlated Pairs from A(e,e'p) and A(e,e'pp) Scattering
The nuclear mass dependence of the number of short-range correlated (SRC)
proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) pairs in nuclei is a sensitive probe
of the dynamics of short-range pairs in the ground state of atomic nuclei. This
work presents an analysis of electroinduced single-proton and two-proton
knockout measurements off 12C, 27Al, 56Fe, and 208Pb in kinematics dominated by
scattering off SRC pairs. The nuclear mass dependence of the observed
A(e,e'pp)/12C(e,e'pp) cross-section ratios and the extracted number of pp- and
pn-SRC pairs are much softer than the mass dependence of the total number of
possible pairs. This is in agreement with a physical picture of SRC affecting
predominantly nucleon-nucleon pairs in a nodeless relative-S state of the
mean-field basis.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Mechanically Detecting and Avoiding the Quantum Fluctuations of a Microwave Field
During the theoretical investigation of the ultimate sensitivity of
gravitational wave detectors through the 1970's and '80's, it was debated
whether quantum fluctuations of the light field used for detection, also known
as photon shot noise, would ultimately produce a force noise which would
disturb the detector and limit the sensitivity. Carlton Caves famously answered
this question with "They do." With this understanding came ideas how to avoid
this limitation by giving up complete knowledge of the detector's motion. In
these back-action evading (BAE) or quantum non-demolition (QND) schemes, one
manipulates the required quantum measurement back-action by placing it into a
component of the motion which is unobserved and dynamically isolated. Using a
superconducting, electro-mechanical device, we realize a sensitive measurement
of a single motional quadrature with imprecision below the zero-point
fluctuations of motion, detect both the classical and quantum measurement
back-action, and demonstrate BAE avoiding the quantum back-action from the
microwave photons by 9 dB. Further improvements of these techniques are
expected to provide a practical route to manipulate and prepare a squeezed
state of motion with mechanical fluctuations below the quantum zero-point
level, which is of interest both fundamentally and for the detection of very
weak forces
First Amendment and Land Use, in Recent Developments in Land Use, Planning, and Zoning
In the mid-1980s, the focus in this area of the law was on nuisance closures and license revocation actions affecting adult bookstores and other kinds of establishments where either obscenity or illicit sexual activities were taking place. In our last committee report focusing on the first amendment area we reported on those areas of the law in light of the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc. Since then, there has been one important Fifth Circuit decision, FW/PBS Inc. v. City of Dallas, that the Supreme Court has agreed to review, with a decision expected in 1989. There have been two recent important federal court decisions involving the zoning of religious institutions and religious uses, and a number of significant federal and state court decisions applying the Supreme Court\u27s standards for assessing the constitutionality of sign regulations established in Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego. But, by far the most important decision in the last year in this area of land-use law was the Supreme Court\u27s decision in City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publishing Co., involving regulation of newspaper vending machines on public property
First Amendment and Land Use, in Recent Developments in Land Use, Planning, and Zoning
In the mid-1980s, the focus in this area of the law was on nuisance closures and license revocation actions affecting adult bookstores and other kinds of establishments where either obscenity or illicit sexual activities were taking place. In our last committee report focusing on the first amendment area we reported on those areas of the law in light of the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc. Since then, there has been one important Fifth Circuit decision, FW/PBS Inc. v. City of Dallas, that the Supreme Court has agreed to review, with a decision expected in 1989. There have been two recent important federal court decisions involving the zoning of religious institutions and religious uses, and a number of significant federal and state court decisions applying the Supreme Court\u27s standards for assessing the constitutionality of sign regulations established in Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego. But, by far the most important decision in the last year in this area of land-use law was the Supreme Court\u27s decision in City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publishing Co., involving regulation of newspaper vending machines on public property
Globalization, Markups and U.S. Welfare
This paper is the first attempt to structurally estimate the impact of globalization on markups, and the effect of changing markups on welfare, in a monopolistic competition model. To achieve this, we work with a class of preferences that allow for endogenous markups and firm entry and exit that are especially convenient for empirical work – the translog preferences, with symmetry in substitution imposed across products. Between 1992 and 2005 we find the U.S. market experienced a series of changes that confirm a pro-competitive effect: import shares rose and U.S. firms exited, leading to an implied fall in markups, while product variety and welfare went up. We estimate the impacts of these effects on a national level, and find that U.S. welfare rose by as much as 0.86 percent between 1992 and 2005 as a result of these changes, with product variety contributing one-half of that total.
Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities on infected urines without isolation
A method is described for the quick determination of the susceptibilities of various unidentified bacteria contained in an aqueous physiological fluid sample, particularly urine, to one or more antibiotics. A bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay is carried out after the elimination of non-bacterial ATP to determine whether an infection exists. If an infection does exist, a portion of the sample is further processed, including subjecting parts of the portion to one or more antibiotics. Growth of the bacteria in the parts are determined, again by an ATP assay, to determine whether the unidentified bacteria in the sample are susceptible to the antibiotic or antibiotics under test
Preliminary indications of water film distribution and thickness on an airfoil in a water spray
A sensor for measuring water film thickness is evaluated. The test is conducted in a small flow apparatus with a 1 ft chord model wing in a water spray. Photographic and visual observations are made of the upper wing surface and film thickness is measured on the upper and lower wing surfaces. The performance of the sensor appears highly satisfactory, and where valid comparisons can be made, repeatable results are obtained
Radio frequency association of heteronuclear Feshbach molecules
We present a detailed analysis of the production efficiency of weakly bound
heteronuclear KRb-Feshbach molecules using radio frequency association in a
harmonic trap. The efficiency was measured in a wide range of temperatures,
binding energies and radio frequencies. A comprehensive analytical model is
presented, explaining the observed asymmetric spectra and achieving good
quantitative agreement with the measured production rates. This model provides
a deep understanding of the molecule association process and paves the way for
future experiments which rely on Feshbach molecules e.g. for the production of
deeply bound molecules.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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