Chaos and Energy Redistribution the Nonlinear Interaction of Two Spatio-Temporal Wave Triplets

In this paper we examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of two nonlinearly coupled wave triplets sharing two common modes. Our basic findings are the following. When spatial dependence is absent, the homogeneous manifold so obtained can be chaotic or regular. If chaotic, it drives energy diffusion from long to small wavelengths as soon as inhomogeneous perturbations are added to the system. If regular, one may yet have two distinct cases: (i) energy diffusion is again present if the inhomogeneous modes are linearly unstable and triplets are effectively coupled; (ii) energy diffusion is absent if the inhomogeneous modes are linearly stable or the triplets are uncoupled.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Physica D (1997

The Effects of Enrolling in Oversubscribed Prekindergarten Programs Through Third Grade

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162748/2/cdev13308_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162748/1/cdev13308.pd

Absence of interferon-lambda 4 enhances spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus genotypes 1-3 infection

Objectives Absence of a functional interferon-lambda 4 (IFN-lambda 4) gene (IFNL4) predicts spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in regions with a predominance of genotype 1, whereas variants of the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) gene (ITPA) entailing reduced activity associate with increased sustained virologic response rates following some therapeutic regimens. This study aimed at investigating the impact of IFNL4 on acute HCV genotype 2 or 3 infections, and whether ITPase activity influenced outcome. Materials and Methods Two hundred and seven people who injected drugs (PWID) with documented anti-HCV seroconversion, and 57 PWID with reinfection with HCV were analyzed regarding IFNL4 (rs368234815 and rs12979860) and ITPA (rs1127354 and rs7270101), and longitudinally followed regarding HCV RNA. Results The spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in anti-HCV seronegative PWID was enhanced when IFN-lambda 4 was absent (44% vs. 20% for IFNL4 TT/TTrs1368234815 and Delta G(rs1368234815) respectively, p < .001; OR 3.2) across genotypes 1-3. The proportion lacking IFN-lambda 4 was further increased following resolution of repeated re-exposure to HCV (74% among re-infected participants who had cleared at least two documented HCV infections). ITPA genetic variants did not independently impact on the outcome, but among males lacking IFN-lambda 4, reduced ITPase activity markedly augmented the likelihood of resolution (65% vs. 29% for <100% and 100% ITPase activity, p = .006). Conclusions Absence of IFN-lambda 4 entails an enhanced likelihood of spontaneous resolution both following primary acute infection and repeated re-exposure to HCV across genotypes 1-3. Among men lacking IFN-lambda 4, reduced ITPase activity improved outcome

Analyse des Politikintegrationspotentials der EU-Strategie für grüne Infrastruktur - untersucht am Beispiel der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik der EU

Die Strategie für grüne Infrastruktur (GI) der Europäischen Kommission stellt einen noch jungen, aber zentralen Beitrag der EU zum Biodiversitätsschutz dar, und zielt auf die Förderung von Ökosystemleistungen. GI soll hierzu in verschiedenen Politiksektoren integriert werden. Im Bereich der europäischen Agrarpolitik (GAP) wird ein kombinierter Nutzen zwischen landwirtschaftlicher und ökologischer Entwicklung betont. Problematisch ist jedoch die bisher unscharfe Ausgestaltung der europäischen GI Politik, die eine konkrete Abschätzung von Implementation und Wirksamkeit verhindert. Ziel unserer Untersuchung ist es daher, das Potential der GI-Strategie am Beispiel der GAP zu beurteilen. Hierzu wird eine vergleichende Betrachtung der Maßnahmenausgestaltung des Greenings der GAP und der GI-Strategie durchgeführt. Die Analyse zeigt, wie Elemente der Politiken in Kombination einen Aufbau von grüner Infrastruktur befördern können und wo Hindernisse und Probleme liegen. Unsere Untersuchung macht das Themenfeld der grünen Infrastruktur einer politikfeldanalytischen Betrachtung zugänglich. Hierbei wird das Konzept der Politikintegration zugrunde gelegt und mit einer prozessorientierten und strukturierenden, qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse verbunden

CX3CR1 Polymorphisms are associated with atopy but not asthma in German children

Chemokines and their receptors are involved in many aspects of immunity. Chemokine CX3CL1, acting via its receptor CX3CR1, regulates monocyte migration and macrophage differentiation as well as T cell-dependent inflammation. Two common, nonsynonymous polymorphisms in CX3CR1 have previously been shown to alter the function of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway and were suggested to modify the risk for asthma. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight technology, we genotyped polymorphisms Val249Ile and Thr280Met in a cross-sectional population of German children from Munich (n = 1,159) and Dresden ( n = 1,940). For 249Ile an odds ratio of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.63-0.96; p = 0.017) and for 280Met an odds ratio of 0.71 ( 95% confidence interval 0.56-0.89; p = 0.004) were found with atopy in Dresden but not in Munich. Neither polymorphism was associated with asthma. Thus, amino acid changes in CX3CR1 may influence the development of atopy but not asthma in German children. Potentially, other factors such as environmental effects may modify the role of CX3CR1 polymorphisms. Copyright (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel

A comparison of consistent UV treatment versus inconsistent UV treatment in horticultural production of lettuce

UV radiation is an underrated radiation currently missing in many horticultural production systems of vegetables in protected cultivation. It can be added e.g., in LED light sources. Using lettuce as a model plant, this study determined whether the use of UVB LEDs is suitable (1) for use in consistent systems (indoor farming) or (2) inconsistent systems (greenhouse). Blue and red LEDs were selected as additional artificial lighting to UVB LEDs. Both approaches led to a reproducible increase of desired flavonol glycosides, such as quercetin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside or quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-malonyl)-glucoside in lettuce. The impact of the consistent UVB treatment is higher with up to tenfold changes than that of the inconsistent UVB treatment in the greenhouse. Varying natural light and temperature conditions in greenhouses might affect the efficiency of the artificial UVB treatment. Here, UVB LEDs have been tested and can be recommended for further development of lighting systems in indoor farming and greenhouse approaches