Self-Propagating Reactive Fronts in Compacts of Multilayered Particles

Reactive multilayered foils in the form of thin films have gained interest in various applications such as joining, welding, and ignition. Typically, thin film multilayers support self-propagating reaction fronts with speeds ranging from 1 to 20 m/s. In some applications, however, reaction fronts with much smaller velocities are required. This recently motivated Fritz et al. (2011) to fabricate compacts of regular sized/shaped multilayered particles and demonstrate self-sustained reaction fronts having much smaller velocities than thin films with similar layering. In this work, we develop a simplified numerical model to simulate the self-propagation of reactive fronts in an idealized compact, comprising identical Ni/Al multilayered particles in thermal contact. The evolution of the reaction in the compact is simulated using a two-dimensional transient model, based on a reduced description of mixing, heat release, and thermal transport. Computed results reveal that an advancing reaction front can be substantially delayed as it crosses from one particle to a neighboring particle, which results in a reduced mean propagation velocity. A quantitative analysis is thus conducted on the dependence of these phenomena on the contact area between the particles, the thermal contact resistance, and the arrangement of the multilayered particles

Strengthening magnesium by design: integrating alloying and dynamic processing

Magnesium (Mg) has the lowest density of all structural metals and has excellent potential for wide use in structural applications. While pure Mg has inferior mechanical properties; the addition of further elements at various concentrations has produced alloys with enhanced mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. An important consequence of adding such elements is that the saturated Mg matrix can locally decompose to form solute clusters and intermetallic particles, often referred to as precipitates. Controlling the shape, number density, volume fraction, and spatial distribution of solute clusters and precipitates significantly impacts the alloy's plastic response. Conversely, plastic deformation during thermomechanical processing can dramatically impact solute clustering and precipitation. In this paper, we first discuss how solute atoms, solute clusters, and precipitates can improve the mechanical properties of Mg alloys. We do so by primarily comparing three alloy systems: Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, and Mg-Y-based alloys. In the second part, we provide strategies for optimizing such microstructures by controlling nucleation and growth of solute clusters and precipitates during thermomechanical processing. In the third part, we briefly highlight how one can enable inverse design of Mg alloys by a more robust Integrated Computational Materials Design (ICMD) approach

Rapid Quantification of Dynamic and Spall Strength of Metals Across Strain Rates

The response of metals and their microstructures under extreme dynamic conditions can be markedly different from that under quasistatic conditions. Traditionally, high strain rates and shock stresses are measured using cumbersome and expensive methods such as the Kolsky bar or large spall experiments. These methods are low throughput and do not facilitate high-fidelity microstructure-property linkages. In this work, we combine two powerful small-scale testing methods, custom nanoindentation, and laser-driven micro-flyer shock, to measure the dynamic and spall strength of metals. The nanoindentation system is configured to test samples from quasistatic to dynamic strain rate regimes (10$^{-3}$ s$^{-1}$ to 10$^{+4}$ s$^{-1}$). The laser-driven micro-flyer shock system can test samples through impact loading between 10$^{+5}$ s$^{-1}$ to 10$^{+7}$ s$^{-1}$ strain rates, triggering spall failure. The model material used for testing is Magnesium alloys, which are lightweight, possess high-specific strengths and have historically been challenging to design and strengthen due to their mechanical anisotropy. Here, we modulate their microstructure by adding or removing precipitates to demonstrate interesting upticks in strain rate sensitivity and evolution of dynamic strength. At high shock loading rates, we unravel an interesting paradigm where the spall strength of these materials converges, but the failure mechanisms are markedly different. Peak aging, considered to be a standard method to strengthen metallic alloys, causes catastrophic failure, faring much worse than solutionized alloys. Our high throughput testing framework not only quantifies strength but also teases out unexplored failure mechanisms at extreme strain rates, providing valuable insights for the rapid design and improvement of metals for extreme environments

In situ transmission electron microscopy investigation of the interfacial reaction between Ni and Al during rapid heating in a nanocalorimeter

The Al/Ni formation reaction is highly exothermic and of both scientific and technological significance. In this report, we study the evolution of intermetallic phases in this reaction at a heating rate of 830 K/s. 100-nm-thick Al/Ni bilayers were deposited onto nanocalorimeter sensors that enable the measurement of temperature and heat flow during rapid heating. Time-resolved transmission electron diffraction patterns captured simultaneously with thermal measurements allow us to identify the intermetallic phases present and reconstruct the phase transformation sequence as a function of time and temperature. The results show a mostly unaltered phase transformation sequence compared to lower heating rates

Space-QUEST: Experiments with quantum entanglement in space

The European Space Agency (ESA) has supported a range of studies in the field of quantum physics and quantum information science in space for several years, and consequently we have submitted the mission proposal Space-QUEST (Quantum Entanglement for Space Experiments) to the European Life and Physical Sciences in Space Program. We propose to perform space-to-ground quantum communication tests from the International Space Station (ISS). We present the proposed experiments in space as well as the design of a space based quantum communication payload.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, accepted for the 59th International Astronautical Congress (IAC) 200

Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review

In a meta-analysis, Julianne Holt-Lunstad and colleagues find that individuals' social relationships have as much influence on mortality risk as other well-established risk factors for mortality, such as smoking

Space QUEST mission proposal: experimentally testing decoherence due to gravity

Models of quantum systems on curved space-times lack sufficient experimental verification. Some speculative theories suggest that quantum properties, such as entanglement, may exhibit entirely different behavior to purely classical systems. By measuring this effect or lack thereof, we can test the hypotheses behind several such models. For instance, as predicted by Ralph and coworkers [T C Ralph, G J Milburn, and T Downes, Phys. Rev. A, 79(2):22121, 2009, T C Ralph and J Pienaar, New Journal of Physics, 16(8):85008, 2014], a bipartite entangled system could decohere if each particle traversed through a different gravitational field gradient. We propose to study this effect in a ground to space uplink scenario. We extend the above theoretical predictions of Ralph and coworkers and discuss the scientific consequences of detecting/failing to detect the predicted gravitational decoherence. We present a detailed mission design of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Space QUEST (Space - Quantum Entanglement Space Test) mission, and study the feasibility of the mission schema.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, included radiation damage to detectors in appendi

410 Improving Patient Outcomes through Design of Biodegradable Implants for Long Bone Fractures

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Current long bone fracture standard of care uses inert metal intramedullary nails (IMN), 10x stiffer than femur cortex. Consequent “stress-shielding” bone loss sees >5% of patients needing revision surgery. To improve nonunion healing, we develop automated design optimization methods for biodegradable Mg alloy IMNs to control local reloading. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed on 3D bone-IMN representations to establish this study’s baseline strain states for existing inert IMN geometries within QCT-informed femoral models under simulated biomechanical loading. FEA with Mg alloy properties for same IMN designs simulate transient IMN material loss through discrete time-step models with experimental in vivo Mg corrosion rates and strain-based bone density evolution using remodeling algorithms from literature. Transient stability and strength metrics, fracture zone stress profiles under gradual reloading and manufacturing constraints are formulated through gradient-based sensitivity analysis into a topology optimization framework (TOF) incorporating a reaction-diffusion degradation model to generate IMN topologies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: TOF designs for Mg alloy IMNs with transient allowable strength constraints, using safety factors to prevent IMN failure, demonstrate higher compliance than standard inert IMNs with mechanical properties closer to native cortical bone. The biodegradation model within the TOF, informed by corrosion behavior from bone-IMN FEA study, predicts how potential design evolutions affect transient strain states of the system. Thus, local fracture region stress states are controlled by the algorithm optimizing for desirable transient stiffness profiles based on a minimum variance objective of fracture zone stress compared to a target bone stress profile. Optimized IMNs with porous, high surface area features achieve 50% decrease in IMN stiffness over 6 months recovery time and complete in vivo degradation in 24 months. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our TOF reduces “stress-shielding” effects via design for controlled IMN biodegradation to gradually increase fracture zone loading, stimulating remodeling and reducing current risk of post-operative fracture and surgical removal in ~15k cases/yr. in the U.S. In vitro mechanical and in vivo clinical testing is required to validate design results