Three Phases of Chinese Political Translation after 1949: Similarities and Differences

This study aims to explore the changes in translation of political discourse after P.R. China was established in 1949. It also explores the possible factors that had the most impact on these changes. To that end, official political discourse after the establishment of China is divided into 3 phases in terms of political leadership: under Mao Zedong (1949-1976), under Deng Xiaoping (1978-1991) and under Jiang Zemin (1991- 2008). The official translation of selected works of these three political leaders is examined in detail accordingly. As the major theoretic framework in researching political discourse, Critical Discourse Analysis is drawn on to analyse the translation and translation practices in these three phases. Political documents in different genres by these leaders and their translations are analysed in relation to the political and social-cultural background and the major influential translation theories in each historical phase. The analysis of political discourse translation for these three phases reveals that the translation of Mao’s work is endowed with Mao’s personal cult and class struggle so the translation is very faithful to the original, whereas the translation of Deng’s works are more flexible and target culture-oriented due to the political ideology of the time. The political ideology of Jiang’s time also influenced the translation of Jiang’s work. While it is still target culture and target language oriented, it becomes more flexible in its form and still serves the political ideology of Jiang’s time. It is concluded that although the translation of political discourse is very much bound to the political ideology and the sociocultural context of each phase, the translation and translation practice in each phase differ significantly due to other factors such as the translators and the translation theories influential in each historical phase

Adaptive evolution among socially parasitic allodapine bees

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New familial defect in microbicidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Contains fulltext : 4298.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

That spatial shit: Exploring the space between actor training and training to play rugby union

It is sometimes argued, albeit anecdotally, that performing artists and sports practitioners have certain basic things in common when it comes to the goals and methods of training for their respective professions: discipline, focus, care of the body. However, in the case of actor training and training to play rugby union football—the two practices with which this thesis is concerned—it is also clear that arts and sports training take place within vastly different cultural contexts. Each of these fields of practice has its own set of expectations about the performative outcomes that training should support. Each acculturates quite specific bodily habits and values. On the one hand, actors are encouraged to explore a subtle form of embodiment, one that ‘awakens all the senses’ (Bogart 2005: 20) creating an openness to a variety of psychophysical demands. In contrast, a key concern of rugby union players is to be fitter, faster, stronger, and thus, techniques of the body (Mauss 1973) are shaped to reflect the requirements of the sport. Yet, although rugby union is a physically tough collision sport, there are chaotic elements of the game that require players to exploit a more intuitive set of bodily dispositions; ones that are not developed within regular rugby union training regimes. Hence the question arises, what if anything, might a rugby union player learn from being exposed to forms of actor training? And on what terms could an interaction between these different training regimes occur? In exploring the space between actor training and training to play rugby union, this thesis raises larger questions about the possibilities of crossover training between many other disciplines

Clinical and immunological studies in patients with an increased serum IgD Level

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THREE MAIN SPATIAL TECHNIQUES of SPATIAL MIXING SYSTEM

This written review is to have a deep review for three techniques to realize spatial effects, which are Head Related Transfer Functions, Image Source Method, and Schroeder Reverberation, utilized in Spatial Mixing System, 2nd lab report.Architecture & Allied Art

The role of ARNT in liver and myeloid cell function

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) is a transcription factor which acts as a general partner for members of the bHLH/PAS family of transcription factors. To investigate the effect of long term ARNT deletion in hepatocyte and myeloid cells, we created 2 lines of mice with ARNT deletion in these cells. Mice lacking hepatocyte ARNT had impaired glucose tolerance, increased gluconeogenesis, decreased ATP and increased post-prandial serum triglycerides. However, in contrast to type 2 diabetes (T2D) hepatic ARNT deletion resulted in decreased liver steatosis. Importantly, these changes became non-significant after high fat diet (HFD). Decreased ARNT in myeloid cells led to decreased cytokine expression, decreased phagocytosis, decreased bactericidal activity, impaired response to infection, and impaired wound healing. Again, the phenotype of impaired wound healing equilibrated in a diabetic milieu. In addition mice lacking ARNT in myeloid cells displayed impaired glucose tolerance on HFD and paradoxically increased liver inflammation. In human monocytes ARNT mRNA correlated negatively with serum cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α. This data demonstrates that ARNT has important roles in hepatocyte and myeloid cell function and suggests that modulation of this transcription factor could be used in future therapy for diabetes and disorders of immune function

Normal numbers of stem cell memory T cells despite strongly reduced naive T cells support intact memory T cell compartment in Ataxia Telangiectasia

Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, chromosomal instability, cancer susceptibility and immunodeficiency. AT is caused by mutations in the ATM gene, which is involved in multiple processes linked to DNA double strand break repair. Immunologically, ATM mutations lead to hampered V(D)J recombination and consequently reduced numbers of naive B and T cells. In addition, class switch recombination is disturbed resulting in antibody deficiency causing common, mostly sinopulmonary, bacterial infections. Yet, AT patients in general have no clinical T cell associated infections and numbers of memory T cells are usually normal. In this study we investigated the naive and memory T cell compartment in five patients with classical AT and compared them with five healthy controls using a 24-color antibody panel and spectral flow cytometry. Multidimensional analysis of CD4 and CD8 TCR alpha beta(+) cells revealed that early naive T cell populations, i.e. CD4(+)CD31(+) recent thymic emigrants and CD8(+)CCR7(++)CD45RA(++) T cells, were strongly reduced in AT patients. However, we identified normal numbers of stem cell memory T cells expressing CD95, which are antigen-experienced T cells that can persist for decades because of their self-renewal capacity. We hypothesize that the presence of stem cell memory T cells explains why AT patients have an intact memory T cell compartment. In line with this novel finding, memory T cells of AT patients were normal in number and expressed chemokine receptors, activating and inhibitory receptors in comparable percentages as controls. Comparing memory T cell phenotypes by Boolean gating revealed similar diversity indices in AT compared to controls. We conclude that AT patients have a fully developed memory T cell compartment despite strongly reduced naive T cells. This could be explained by the presence of normal numbers of stem cell memory T cells in the naive T cell compartment, which support the maintenance of the memory T cells. The identification of stem cell memory T cells via our spectral flow cytometric approach is highly relevant for better understanding of T cell immunity in AT. Moreover, it provides possibilities for further research on this recently identified T cell population in other inborn errors of immunity.Transplantation and immunomodulatio