You\u27re on Your Own, Kid…But You Shouldn\u27t Be

This article addresses the question: Should courts recognize a duty on the part of schools to implement proven strategies to reduce and prevent bullying? Nothing influences the answer to that question as understanding the nature of bullying in schools. Once understood, bullying seems less a rite of passage or builder of character and more like child abuse perpetuated by peers. The realization that many school children suffer such abuse that inflicts long-lasting and severe damage shifts the analysis from whether the problem is serious enough for courts to engage to how they might most effectively engage it. This article addresses what educational researchers mean by “bullying in schools,” its effects as well as what has long been known about proven strategies to reduce bullying. It then articulates two bases upon which courts might act to impose a duty on school officials to reduce the problem and protect students. The first theory is based on the second prong of the Tinker standard governing private student speech. The “Right of other students to be secure and to be let alone” is perfectly suited to recognition of a constitutional right of reasonable protection from peer-on-peer abuse in public schools. The second theory is based on a seldom cited comment to §320 of the Restatement of Torts where the duty of school officials to prevent bullying has been recognized for seventy years. The article concludes that both federal constitutional law and state common law require what common sense and professional competence plainly require – that school officials become serious and proactive against bullying in their schools and use proven methods for doing so

The secret life of statues; ancient agalmatophilia narratives

Images in antiquity had a complex and yet crucial role both within the social nexus, and also the literary imagination. The response of agalmatophilia, that is, a physically sexual response, is described in a variety of types of narrative, and is found in a wide range of (almost entirely fictional) literary sources throughout antiquity. This thesis considers the ways in which agalmatophilia was dealt with in these narratives, and why stories of agalmatophilia were told at all. Tales of agalmatophilia highlight the way in which the image could take on numerous roles in antiquity, and the importance of the existence of images for occupying a cultural space that could not be filled by anything else. In addition, the narratives combined create a picture of ancient discourses on the role and function of the relationships between images and society, as well as individuals. The thesis covers the cultural conditions that allowed images to be perceived as potential sexual partners, the ways an individual performing agalmatophilia could be described and understood, and the responsibility of those creating and responding to images. It argues that agalmatophilia narratives set up the image as existing on the boundaries of the ancient world, and as objects almost impossible to categorise, because of their unlimited potential in conceptual terms. These ideas are all considered with the aim of understanding why agalmatophilia narratives existed, what cultural space they filled, and how the stories can illuminate the multifarious role of the image in the ancient Mediterranean world

Quick Reviews

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Reviews--Children\u27s Books

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Reviews

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Driving Sustainment: Quality Management Packages

Tired of revisiting the same problems? Quality Management Packages are an approach to sustain change around complex quality outcomes such as hospital acquired infections so that the problems remain solved

Touching the Gods: physical interaction with cult statues in the Roman world

„Touching the Gods: physical interaction with cult statues in the Roman world‟ explores different forms of physical interaction with cult statues in the many cults and beliefs evident across the Roman world, and proposes wide-ranging implications of this for the understanding of Roman religions and Roman art. Despite the theoretical detachment of the cult statue in the Roman world, an ideological language of close physical interaction was developed, which manifested itself through both „regular‟ (for example, ritual decoration and washing) and „irregular‟ (such as sexual and violent) contact. Although modern scholarship accepts that cult statues formed part of religious worship within which physical interaction took place, they are generally treated as passive objects. This research addresses the implications of physical interaction for the active role of the statue within Roman societies, through the assessment of the anthropological, social and psychological functions the statue could embody. It establishes a socio-cultural definition of the cult statue in the Roman world, supported by an assessment of Greek and Latin vocabulary for statuary and an assessment of the physical evidence for cult images. The thesis separately considers the different types of interaction, including washing and clothing, verbal communication, transportation, embrace, violence and feeding. The conclusions drawn from these separate types are based partly on a broad study of the full range of interactions, with an additional focus on the points in the ancient dialogue at which their limitations are placed. The cumulative effect of the evidence, across the whole empire and across all interactions possible, illuminates the vast complexity and vast potential of images of the gods in forming, informing and being influenced by human relationships with the divine

Interaction of beta-adrenergic receptors, NNK, and ethanol in selected pancreatic carcinoma cell lines

Pancreatic carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in people although it ranks 11th in overall cancer incidence. The most common primary malignancy of the pancreas is ductal adenocarcinoma which represents 75% of all exocrine pancreatic neoplasms. The pathophysiology of pancreatic carcinoma remains unclear, if not controversial. Tobacco and alcohol are risk factors. Ki-ras and p53 commonly occur in genetic mutations, 75% and 50% respectively. However, the interconnection between these risk factors and genetic mutations and their role in pancreatic carcinogenesis has not been consistent. It has been reported that patients who smoke and drank had a lower incidence ofKi-ras mutations than patients who only smoked or consumed alcohol. Furthermore, it has been reported that patients without p53 or Ki-ras mutations have shorter survival times than patients who had one of the mutations.In a transplacental hamster model, it was shown that the tobacco-specific nitrosamine4-(methylnitrosamine\u3el-(3-pyritiyl)-l-butanone (NNK) caused exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the offering of pregnant hamsters pre-exposed to ethanol in the drinking water, where as exposure to NNK alone caused tumors of the respiratory tract. It has been demonstrated that these pancreatic tumors iii the offspring of dams that received ethanol did not have p53 or Ki-ras mutations and appeared to develop tumors independent of these alterations. Tobacco is also a risk factor for various pulmonary cancers. A beta-adrenergic receptor mediated mitogenic pathway has been identified in human peripheral pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell lines. NNK has also been shown to bind to beta-adrenergic receptors in these cells.Using radioligand binding techniques, β1, and β2 -adrenergic receptor subtypes were found in membrane preparations from fetal hamster pancreas and from 4 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. In the fetal hamster pancreas of offspring from dams who did not receive ethanol, there was a higher proportion of β1 receptors. In the fetal pancreas of offspring from ethanol treated dams and in the human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, higher proportion of β2 receptors was demonstrated. As studied with competition assays in the fetal pancreas, NNK bound to the beta-adrenergic receptors. In the ethanol treated pancreas, the competition curve shifted to the left suggesting an increased affinity of NNK to the receptors. As studied by 3H-thymidine incorporation, increasing concentrations ofNNK did not result in increased DNA synthesis. Maintenance of these cell lines in media containing ethanol did not change this observation. However, simultaneous treatment withNNK and a β2-antagonist resulted in marked inhibition of DNA synthesis in all cell lines under both general and ethanol media maintenance conditions.These findings did not fully support the central hypothesis that NNK would induce proliferation of human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines through beta-adrenergic receptors and that the effect would be enhanced in the presence of ethanol. These findings did demonstrate a potential role of beta-adrenergic receptors, particularly , β2 perhaps in concert with NNK,in the cell cycle regulation of these cells.Chronic alcohol consumption is a risk factor for chronic pancreatitis which is also a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Beta-adrenergic receptors have been shown to activate. pathways involving phospholipases which can trigger the release of arachidonic acid. Recent Evidence has demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 expression is upregulated in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. These findings together suggest that a link between beta adrenergic receptors and the arachidonic acid pathway may exist and provide a pathophysiologic role in the development of this cancer type