Bees, farmers, tourists and hunters: conflict dynamics around Western Tanzania protected areas

Following important donor funding in Tanzania since the 1990s to support community based natural resource management, several cooperation agencies have implemented projects aiming at developing innovative conservation strategies combining protected and sustainable use areas. Based on data gathered in the Katavi Rukwa Lukwati and Ugalla core areas of Western Tanzania, this paper compares and analyses how projects developed their strategy and objectives to address conflicts between local population and conservation agents, and how this led to changes in conservation practices. The projects managed to achieve their objectives in conservation and poverty reduction at various degrees. Enhanced conflict resolution capacity involving private stakeholders, conservation agents and local communities, as well as improved collaboration between projects, helped to solve part of the conflicts. This was the case with the negotiation of rights of access for beekeepers to Rukwa game reserve. However, enduring sector based approaches continue to hinder opportunities for developing multiple use approaches. Contrasted results of the projects can be explained by factors inherent to projects' planning and management, but also by factors that are beyond projects' influence such as the historical and contemporary context in terms of governance of natural resources and more globally, of power relationships between the state, private organisations and the communitie

Intrafraction tumor motion monitoring and dose reconstruction for liver pencil beam scanning proton therapy.

BACKGROUND Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy can provide highly conformal target dose distributions and healthy tissue sparing. However, proton therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is prone to dosimetrical uncertainties induced by respiratory motion. This study aims to develop intra-treatment tumor motion monitoring during respiratory gated proton therapy and combine it with motion-including dose reconstruction to estimate the delivered tumor doses for individual HCC treatment fractions. METHODS Three HCC-patients were planned to receive 58 GyRBE (n=2) or 67.5 GyRBE (n=1) of exhale respiratory gated PBS proton therapy in 15 fractions. The treatment planning was based on the exhale phase of a 4-dimensional CT scan. Daily setup was based on cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging of three implanted fiducial markers. An external marker block (RPM) on the patient's abdomen was used for exhale gating in free breathing. This study was based on 5 fractions (patient 1), 1 fraction (patient 2) and 6 fractions (patient 3) where a post-treatment control CBCT was available. After treatment, segmented 2D marker positions in the post-treatment CBCT projections provided the estimated 3D motion trajectory during the CBCT by a probability-based method. An external-internal correlation model (ECM) that estimated the tumor motion from the RPM motion was built from the synchronized RPM signal and marker motion in the CBCT. The ECM was then used to estimate intra-treatment tumor motion. Finally, the motion-including CTV dose was estimated using a dose reconstruction method that emulates tumor motion in beam's eye view as lateral spot shifts and in-depth motion as changes in the proton beam energy. The CTV homogeneity index (HI) The CTV homogeneity index (HI) was calculated as . RESULTS The tumor position during spot delivery had a root-mean-square error of 1.3 mm in left-right, 2.8 mm in cranio-caudal and 1.7 mm in anterior-posterior directions compared to the planned position. On average, the CTV HI was larger than planned by 3.7%-points (range: 1.0-6.6%-points) for individual fractions and by 0.7%-points (range: 0.3-1.1%-points) for the average dose of 5 or 6 fractions. CONCLUSIONS A method to estimate internal tumor motion and reconstruct the motion-including fraction dose for PBS proton therapy of HCC was developed and demonstrated successfully clinically

Entrepreneurship Education Monitor 2018: für MINT-Studiengänge in Ostdeutschland

In Deutschland ist in Sachen Entrepreneurship an Hochschulen in den vergangenen 20 Jahren viel geschehen. Seit 1998 befördert das EXIST-Programm Gründungsgeist an Hochschulen. Laut der Forschungsgemeinschaft Gründungsforschung e.V. existieren insgesamt 134 Entrepreneurship-Professuren, davon 32 in Ostdeutschland. Es gibt eine Vielzahl an Wettbewerben und Förderprogrammen für Gründerinnen und Gründer. Für alle an den Hochschulen, die sich schon für das Thema Unternehmertum interessieren und mit dem Gedanken einer eigenen Gründung spielen, ist gut gesorgt. Es gibt hinreichend viele Anlaufstellen und Fördermöglichkeiten an und im Umfeld der Hochschulen. Doch eine Herausforderung ist es bis heute, potenzielle Gründerinnen und Gründer und weitere Akteure an Hochschulen überhaupt für unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln zu sensibilisieren. Vorhandene Angebote erreichen die, die interessiert sind und nicht jene, die noch nicht darüber nachgedacht haben. Eine weitere Herausforderung gibt es. Sensibilisierung für unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln geschieht im Rahmen des Studiums, jedoch leider nicht für alle Studierenden. Ein Blick auf die Hochschulebene zeigt, dass noch vor fünf Jahren vor allem Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften von Angeboten rund um das Thema Entrepreneurship profitierten (Gründungsradar, 2013; Kulicke et al., 2012). Die „Interdisziplinarität in der Gründungsförderung und die Ausschöpfung des Potenzials in nicht wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fächern sind also noch ausbaufähig“ (Gründungsradar, 2013: 12). Gerade im Kontext der technischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, der sogenannten MINT-Fächer, liegen Potenziale für zukünftige technologische und ggf. auch unternehmerische Innovationen. Die Zielgruppe dieser Studierenden wird jedoch bislang kaum erreicht. Ein sicherer Weg, Studierende zu erreichen, ist die universitäre Lehre entlang des Studiencurriculums. Es gibt verschiedene Argumente, die für eine breite curriculare Verankerung von Entrepreneurship Education an Hochschulen sprechen. So wird dies im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs diskutiert (Nelson & Byers, 2008; Semrau, Fischbach & Schober, 2011) und im politischen Diskurs klar unterstützt; so versteht sich die Europäische Kommission als Katalysator, um Entrepreneurship Education zu einem Basiselement im Bildungssystem zu machen (Europäische Kommission, 2018). Hier liegen Ursprung und Idee dieser Studie. Es war bisher nicht klar, wie die Chancen für Studierende der MINT-Fächer stehen, während ihres Studiums mit Entrepreneurship in Kontakt zu kommen. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Studien, die sich mit der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Sensibilisierung unternehmerischen Denkens und Handelns auf Hochschulebene beschäftigen. Umfassende Analysen, welche auf Studiengangebene analysieren, ob und inwiefern dort Inhalte mit Bezug zu Entrepreneurship verankert sind, sind kaum vorhanden (Gossel & Kalka, 2015). An dieser Stelle setzt die vorliegende Studie an. Für das wichtige Segment der MINT-Studiengänge wird im Rahmen einer Vollerhebung in sechs ostdeutschen Bundesländern ermittelt, ob und inwiefern dort Inhalte mit Bezug zu Entrepreneurship curricular verankert sind. Ziel der Studie ist es, so breit und so tief wie möglich zu erfassen, wie es um den Erwerb unternehmerischer Kompetenzen in den MINT-Studiengängen steht. Von der Verbreitung der Ergebnisse der Studie erhoffen wir uns eine Belebung der Diskussion rund um Entrepreneurship Education an Hochschulen in Deutschland. Gründungssensibilisierung ist und bleibt eine Daueraufgabe in der Hochschulbildung. Denjenigen Akteuren, die sich für eine nachhaltige Gründungssensibilisierung in der Hochschullehre einsetzen, jenen, die Studiengänge überarbeiten und Curricula modernisieren, und denjenigen, die darüber entscheiden, ob es Mittel und Personal an Hochschulen für Aufgaben der Entrepreneurship Education in der Hochschullehre gibt, soll diese Studie als Argumentations- und Diskussionsgrundlage dienen

Eine deskriptive Bestandsaufnahme von Entrepreneurship Education in MINT-Studiengängen in sechs Bundesländern

ZusammenfassungWährend die Bedeutung des Lehrens und Lernens unternehmerischer Kompetenzen auch in MINT-Studiengängen von der Forschung intensiv diskutiert und politisch weithin gefordert wird, stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Entrepreneurship Education tatsächlich in den jeweiligen Curricula verankert ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert deshalb einen Überblick über den Status quo der curricularen Verankerung von Entrepreneurship Education am Beispiel der Hochschulen der sechs ostdeutschen Bundesländer einschließlich Berlin. Für alle 1361 MINT-Studiengänge an 58 Hochschulen wurde eine Dokumentenrecherche und -analyse von Studiengangdokumenten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen eine geringe Verankerung von Entrepreneurship Education in den Curricula der MINT-Studiengänge mit indes auffälligen Unterschieden zwischen den Fächergruppen.Schlüsselwörter: Entrepreneurship Education, MINT, curriculare Verankerung___________A descriptive study of entrepreneurship education in STEM degree courses in six German LaenderAbstractWhile the importance of teaching and learning entrepreneurial competencies also in STEM degree courses is intensively discussed in research and widely demanded politically, the question remains to what extent entrepreneurship education is part of the respective curricula. This study delivers an overview of the status quo of curricular anchoring of entrepreneurship education in STEM degree courses for the six East German Laender including Berlin. For a total of 1361 STEM degree courses from 58 East German higher education institutions, an in-depth search and analysis of course documents was conducted. The results show a slight anchoring of entrepreneurship education in the curricula of STEM degree courses. However, noticeable differences between the detailed fields of study can be observed.Keywords: entrepreneurship education, STEM, curricular anchorin

Growth hormone deficiency in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors treated with radiation

Objective: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most common endocrine la te effect in irradiated survivors of childhood brain tumors. This study a imed to determine the prevalence of GHD in adults treated with proton or photon irradiation for a brain tumor in childhood and to detect undiagnosed GHD. Design: This study is a cross-sectional study. Methods: We investigated GHD in 5-year survivors from two health region s in Denmark treated for childhood brain tumors with cranial or craniospinal irradiation in the period 1997–2015. Medical charts were reviewed for endocrinological and other health data. Survivors without a growth hormone (GH) test at final height wer e invited to a GH stimulation test. Results: Totally 41 (22 females) survivors with a median age of 21.7 ye ars (range: 15.1– 33.8 years) at follow-up and 14.8 years (range: 5.1–23.4 years) since diagnosis were included; 11 were treated with proton and 30 with photon irradiation; 18 of 21 survivors were previously found to have GHD; 16 of 20 survivors with no G H test at final height were tested, 8 (50 %) had GHD. In total, 26 of 41 patients (63% ) had GHD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated poorly with the insulin t olerance test (ITT). Conclusion: This study identified a high prevalence of undiagnosed GHD in s urvivors with no GH test at final height. The results stress the importance of screening for GHD at final height in survivors of childhood brain tumors with prior exposure to cranial irradiation, irrespective of radiation modality and IGF-1. Significance statement: This cross-sectional study reports a prevalence of 63% of GHD in irradiated childhood brain tumor survivors. Furthermore, the study identified a considerable number of long-term survivors without a GH test at final height, of whom, 50% subsequently were shown to have undiagnosed GHD. Additional ly, this study confirmed that a normal serum IGF-1 measurement cannot exclude t he diagnosis of GHD in irradiated survivors. This illustrates the need for improvements in the diagnostic approach to GHD after reaching final height in childhood brain t umor survivors at risk of GHD. In summary, our study stresses the need for GHD testing in all adult survivors treated with cranial irradiation for a brain tumor in childhood irrespe ctive of radiation modality

Boosting with Subtype C CN54rgp140 Protein Adjuvanted with Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant after Priming with HIV-DNA and HIV-MVA Is Safe and Enhances Immune Responses: A Phase I Trial

Background A vaccine against HIV is widely considered the most effective and sustainable way of reducing new infections. We evaluated the safety and impact of boosting with subtype C CN54rgp140 envelope protein adjuvanted in glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA-AF) in Tanzanian volunteers previously given three immunizations with HIV-DNA followed by two immunizations with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (HIV-MVA). Methods Forty volunteers (35 vaccinees and five placebo recipients) were given two CN54rgp140/GLA-AF immunizations 30-71 weeks after the last HIV-MVA vaccination. These immunizations were delivered intramuscularly four weeks apart. Results The vaccine was safe and well tolerated except for one episode of asymptomatic hypoglycaemia that was classified as severe adverse event. Two weeks after the second HIV-MVA vaccination 34 (97%) of the 35 previously vaccinated developed Env-specific binding antibodies, and 79% and 84% displayed IFN-gamma ELISpot responses to Gag and Env, respectively. Binding antibodies to subtype C Env (included in HIV-DNA and protein boost), subtype B Env (included only in HIV-DNA) and CRF01_AE Env (included only in HIV-MVA) were significantly boosted by the CN54rgp140/GLA-AF immunizations. Functional antibodies detected using an infectious molecular clone virus/peripheral blood mononuclear cell neutralization assay, a pseudovirus/TZM-bl neutralization assay or by assays for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were not significantly boosted. In contrast, T-cell proliferative responses to subtype B MN antigen and IFN-gamma ELISpot responses to Env peptides were significantly enhanced. Four volunteers not primed with HIV-DNA and HIV-MVA before the CN54rgp140/ GLA-AF immunizations mounted an antibody response, while cell-mediated responses were rare. After the two Env subtype C protein immunizations, a trend towards higher median subtype C Env binding antibody titers was found in vaccinees who had received HIV-DNA and HIV-MVA prior to the two Env protein immunizations as compared to unprimed vaccinees (p = 0.07). Conclusion We report excellent tolerability, enhanced binding antibody responses and Env-specific cell-mediated immune responses but no ADCC antibody increase after two immunizations with a subtype C rgp140 protein adjuvanted in GLA-AF in healthy volunteers previously immunized with HIV-DNA and HIV-MVA