HP9-4-.30 weld properties and microstructure

HP9-4-.30, ultra high strength steel, the case material for the Advanced Solid Rocket Motor (ASRM), must exhibit acceptable strength, ductility, toughness, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance after welding and a local post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Testing, to date, shows that the base metal (BM) properties are more than adequate for the anticipated launch loads. Tensile tests of test specimens taken transverse to the weld show that the weld metal overmatches the BM even in the PWHT condition. However, that is still some question about the toughness and SCC resistance of the weld metal in the as welded and post weld heat treated condition. To help clarify the as welded and post weld heat treated mechanical behavior of the alloy, subsize tensile specimens from the BM, the fusion zone (FZ) with and without PWHT, and the heat affected zone (HAZ) with and without PWHT were tested to failure and the fracture surfaces subsequently examined with a scanning electron microscope. Results are given and briefly discussed

The Mormon Passage of George D. Watt: First British Convert, Scribe for Zion

Nineteenth century Mormonism was a frontier religion with roots so entangled with the American experience as to be seen by some scholars as the most American of religions and by others as a direct critique of that experience. Yet it was also a missionary religion that through proselytizing quickly gained an international, if initially mostly Northern European, makeup. This mix brought it a roster of interesting characters: frontiersmen and hardscrabble farmers; preachers and theologians; dreamers and idealists; craftsmen and social engineers. Although the Mormon elite soon took on, as elites do, a rather fixed, dynastic character, the social origins of its first-generation members were quite diverse. The Mormon Church at its beginning provided a good study in upward mobility. George D. Watt was a self-educated English convert with both unusual, for the time and place of frontier Utah, clerical skills and ambitions to improve his status. A man with intellectual pretensions, he had little formal training but a strong will, avid curiosity, and appetite for knowledge. Those traits made up for what he lacked in schooling and drew him into what served as intellectual circles among the Mormon elite and, later, to the church's disenchanted fringe. They also made him, for a time, essential to Brigham Young as a clerk and reporter but sent him into religious and social exile, due to a contest of wills with his employer that Watt had no chance of winning. Reputed to have been the first of the many English converts to the LDS church, Watt's repeatedly demonstrated ability to learn quickly made him an early master of Pitman shorthand, just then coming into use. Employing this skill, he made two important contributions to Mormon literature: First, based on that shorthand, he, more than anyone, created the ""Deseret Alphabet,"" which now is a curiosity but then was an innovation that, intended to create a unique Mormon orthography and pedagogy, stands well for the broad attempt to build in Utah the wholly self-sufficient culture of the Kingdom of God. Second, his efficient note taking allowed him to take down the sermons of Young and other church leaders and publish them in the Journal of Discourses, an indispensable historical record. In addition, Watt learned, thought, and wrote about a variety of subjects, from horticulture to spiritualism, which helped define him as a resident Utah intellectual. He eventually left the Mormon Church, but the records of his domestic life before and after that decision provide a rich portrait of the working of polygamous households, particularly complicated ones in his case. Despite his accomplishments, because of his potential, George Watt's story is at heart a tragedy. His breach with Brigham Young resulted in social isolation, poverty, and rejection by friends and associates. He never, though, lost his sense of independence or his avid mind. Whether facing an economic affront or pressing, in writing, his own conclusions about life and God, he engaged the challenge where he found it

Modeling And Improving Oxygen Carrier Performance In Chemical Looping Combustion Systems

Countries across the world have different expectations on carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing and the willingness to commit to international agreements continually change. At present, the CO2 capture market is weak as industries are reluctant to take up the costs and risks associated with implementing the capture technologies. Globally, and in the United States of America (U.S.A.) in particular, the perception is that emerging energy technologies with carbon capture are too expensive or inefficient to attract investors without government backing and subsidies. Coal usage has accordingly declined. By expanding the coal value chain into more than just electricity generation, it can possibly attract new investments and improve confidence in novel carbon capture technologies. Chemical looping combustion is a technology that can utilize coal and benefit both the electricity and valuable chemicals market. This flexibility of chemical looping combustion represents a promising technology to integrate the required time flexibility so urgently needed within the U.S.A. electricity generation sector. Fostering the development and scalability of chemical looping combustion related technologies, especially using coal, rather than focusing purely on the expected cost reduction and usefulness of chemical looping combustion as a CO2 capture technology, can ensure stability within the electricity generation and coal industry of the U.S.A. Chemical looping combustion is an induced fuel combustion process that uses recyclable redox materials as oxygen carriers to transfer oxygen selectively from an air stream to a fuel reactor, thus eliminating the requirement for end-of-pipe CO2 gas separation processes. To date, no oxygen carriers have been identified or developed that exhibit adequate long-term performance. There is also a lack of sufficient experience related to the design and operation of full-scale chemical looping combustion systems. Oxygen carriers serve as oxygen sorbents that release or adsorb oxygen, depending on the temperature, pressure and gas composition within the chemical looping combustion system. Oxygen carrier performance is mainly characterized by its affinity to react under both oxidizing and reducing conditions and its resistance to attrition. Based on the research opportunities, two primary hypotheses have been developed: i) A laboratory-scale evaluation system, operating under high temperature and reacting conditions, can be used to assess oxygen carrier performance. The experimental results can be used to develop correlations for determining oxygen carrier lifetime in scaled-up processes. ii) A spouted fluid bed reactor can improve carbon conversion efficiencies as compared to a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Computational fluid dynamic simulations can be used to model the movement of oxygen carriers in such a spouted fluid bed reactor to gain a better understanding of the transport phenomena involved deep within the reactor. To prove or disprove the research hypotheses, the research scope was broken down into three main efforts: i) Evaluate several materials being considered by the chemical looping combustion development community to ascertain whether a single test procedure is adequate for oxygen carrier performance characterization ii) Further develop the oxygen carrier performance evaluation methodology (based on jet attrition testing) to include a second attrition source (cyclonic attrition) critical in chemical looping combustion systems involving circulation of oxygen carriers iii) Assess whether a spouted fluid bed can be used for chemical looping combustion and if it is scalable using a modular approach based on experimental and computational fluid dynamic tools. This effort will target the development of a computational modeling tool for the design of a multi-zone spouted fluid bed. Parts i) and ii) of the research scope pertained to testing different oxygen carriers in a jet attrition unit and a cyclonic attrition unit. An attrition unit can be defined as a device that is used to attain information concerning the ability of material to resist particle size reduction. The ASTM D5757 test method is typically used to determine the relative attrition characteristics of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts under ambient conditions. In contrast to the ASTM D5757 test method, the jet and cyclonic attrition units were set up to expose the oxygen carriers to various operating conditions that could typically be encountered in actual chemical looping combustion systems. The operating principle of the jet- and cyclonic-induced attrition systems provides a vast improvement over previous methods that neglect chemical and thermal stresses. The cyclonic attrition unit ultimately represents a more favorable test method for assessing the attrition of oxygen carriers compared to the jet attrition unit. The cyclonic attrition test method merely speeds up the particle impact frequency compared to large-scale cyclones. However, the particle impact velocity within the cyclonic attrition unit is similar to large-scale cyclones (9.0 – 27 m/s). The cyclonic attrition unit can therefore provide relevant attrition data on an oxygen carrier within 9 hours, using as little as 70 grams of material. Two attrition models (cyclonic and jet) were identified that could be used to investigate attrition rates at operational chemical looping combustion conditions. The models were based on the concept of efficiency within a comminution process. The models related particle attrition to the kinetic energy used to produce fines. The cyclonic attrition model provided the best fit for the attrition data with coefficients of determination ≥ 0.94. Part iii) of the research scope related to exploring the use of a spouted fluid bed as a reactor configuration for chemical looping combustion. The spouted fluid bed was identified as a suitable configuration to improve fuel conversion and operational flexibility over the typically employed bubbling fluidized bed designs. This part of the study had two objectives: i) to assess the viability of a single-spouted fluid bed as an efficient chemical looping combustion reactor, and ii) to assess if computational fluid dynamic based simulations can be employed to show the hydrodynamic behavior of both a single- and multi-spouted fluid bed reactor. A modeling and experimental approach were followed to accomplish the objectives. Firstly, Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFiX) software was used to establish a spouted fluid bed reactor design using the two-fluid model. An experimental setup was built to supplement the model. The experimental setup was modified for testing under high temperature, reacting conditions (1073 - 1273 K). The setup was operated in either a spouted fluid bed or a bubbling bed regime, to compare the performance attributes of each using a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen as fuel. For the single-spouted fluid bed investigation, the cold flow model results provided key information for rapid experimental design and operating envelope determination. The single-spouted fluid bed modeling and experimental results illustrated the potential of the configuration to improve gas/solid contact, lower energy requirements and increase operational robustness in comparison to a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The cold flow models proved adequate in depicting the intermittent spouting regime as well as providing valuable information pertaining to material circulation rate. The modeling and experimental work on the single-spouted fluid bed reactor were used as the starting point to investigate the scalability of the system into a multi-spouted fluid bed reactor. MFiX software was again used to design a multi-spouted fluid bed and compare the hydrodynamic aspects of the system to that of a bubbling fluidized bed. A reactor comprising nine spout/draft tubes, arranged in a 3x3 setup, was modeled in 2-D using the two-fluid model. The model incorporated both inlet and outlet regions to study to bulk movement of solids within the reactor design. The focus of this work was on capturing the hydrodynamic trends associated with a multi-spouted fluid bed. The modeling results indicated that the solids in a multi-spout system has a slightly narrower residence time distribution compared to that in a bubbling fluidized bed. The narrower residence time distribution could potentially improve fuel conversion in chemical looping combustion systems. Ultimately, a baseline model was configured that can be used to investigate alternative layouts of modular spouted fluid bed reactors for various applications

Patrick White: Novelist as Prophet

"Prophets with Honour"; " ... Yearning for Sainthood"; " ... Confessions of St Patrick", "Glabrous Shaman or Centennial Park's Very Own Sainl...?" - all extracts from journal titles about Patrick White, the very terms of which arc out of kilter with most definitions of literary modernism. According to popular perception in Academe, Western literature apparently ceased to bother about God, faith or transcendence after 1900. This is not true of White

Zen Notions of Landscape and Self Reflected in Tim Winton's 'Cloudstreet'

Nine-year-old Samson "Fish" Lamb drowns when on a family fishing expedition. Seemingly through her concrete will, his mother brings him back to life; but what seems miraculous turns out otherwise, for Fish is alive but abnormal. The Lambs' quid pro quo kind of Christianity cannot withstand the assault. As newly converted atheists they head for Perth, where they rent half of the Pickles' decaying mansion, where for the next twenty years they swim in their own sea of incompletion. And for the next twenty years whenever he is near water, Fish must be tied to a tree or the seat of a boat to stop him plunging himself into eternity

An Evaluation of Non-Directive Counseling in the Treatment of Delinquents

It was the purpose of this study to make application of Carl H. Rogers\u27 non-directive method of psychotherapy in the treatment of juvenile delinquents. The study was set up in an effort to determine the value of such a treatment procedure as one method of treating this type of individual. The hypothesis to be tested was that non-directive psychotherapy would improve the personal and social adjustment of institutionalized delinquents. Supporting this general assumption the following three corollaries were assumed: (1) that improved personal adjustment would be reflected in adjustment inventories, (2) that improved social behavior would be reflected in social behavior rating scales, and (3) that the therapeutic objectives of interviews with each subject. The general hypothesis is supported to the extent that the results support each of the corollaries. In proceding toward an experimental test of the hypotheses, testing devices were selected for the purpose of detecting and measuring imporvement that may occur in the individual during the counseling process. The means used and described in the study for this purpose are (1) expressions of the subjects, (2) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, (3) the California Test of Personality, (4) the Haggerty-Olson-Wickman Behavior Rating Schedules. Statements made by each subject were presumed to be indicative of better adjustment when they were presumed to be indicative of better adjustment when they were of such a nature as to imply that the therapeutic objectives had been attained. The three other measuring instruments were administered to the eleven experimental subjects before, and after the counseling interviews. A comparison of the pre-test and end-test scores, was presumed to indicate the improved adjustment of the subject while the interviewing was in progress. Any improvement that might be measured by this procedure, however, may be thought of as having occurred, not only from the influence of non-directive counseling, but possibly from other sources

Setting priorities for development of emerging interventions against childhood pneumonia, meningitis and influenza

WAcute lower respiratory infections, which broadly include pneumonia and bronchiolitis, are still the leading cause of childhood mortality. ALRI contributed to 18% of all deaths in children younger than five years of age in 2008, and the main pathogens responsible for high mortality were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and respiratory syncytial virus. In addition, meningitis was estimated to contribute up to 200 000 deaths each year, and influenza anywhere between 25 000 and 110 000. It is widely acknowledged that a major portion of this mortality should be avoidable if universal coverage of all known effective interventions could be achieved. However, some evaluations of the implementation of World Health Organization’s (WHO) Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy, which promotes improved access to a trained health provider who can administer “standard case management”, have shown somewhat disappointing results. Only a minority of all children with life-threatening episodes of pneumonia, meningitis and influenza in developing countries have access to trained health providers and receive appropriate treatment. Thus, novel strategies for control of pneumonia that balance investments in scaling up of existing interventions and the development of novel approaches, technologies and ideas are clearly needed