117 research outputs found

    Peritoneal Response to Abdominal Surgery: The Role of Equine Abdominal Adhesions and Current Prophylactic Strategies

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    Intra-abdominal adhesions constitute a significant clinical and surgical problem that can lead to complications such as pain and bowel occlusion or subocclusion. These adhesions are frustrating and potentially fatal, representing a major postoperative complication in abdominal surgery. It is estimated that 32% of horses undergoing laparotomy will present clinical symptoms due to adhesions, but the true prevalence is not known because a large proportion of animals with postoperative recurrent colics are medically treated or submitted to euthanasia without necropsy. Adhesions are highly cellular, vascularized, dynamic structures that are influenced by complex signaling mechanisms. Understanding their pathogenesis could assist in applying better therapeutic strategies and in developing more effective antiadhesion products. Currently, there are no definitive strategies that prevent adhesion formation, and it is difficult to interpret the results of existing studies due to nonstandardization of an induction model and evaluation of their severity. The best clinical results have been obtained from using minimally traumatic surgical techniques, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, anticoagulants, and mechanical separation of serosal surfaces by viscous intraperitoneal solutions or physical barriers. This paper aims to review adhesion formation pathogenesis, guide the understanding of major products and drugs used to inhibit adhesion formation, and address their effectiveness in the equine species

    Deep digital flexor tenotomy and Distal Phalanx realignment for the treatment of Chronic Laminitis in horses: a literature review: Tenotomia do flexor digital profundo e realinhamento da Falange Distal para o tratamento de Laminite Crônica em equinos: revisão de literatura

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    Laminitis is the second most common cause of death from disease in horses and causes great suffering in the animal and economic and emotional losses for the people involved. Several therapeutic modalities are used in the treatment of this disease, but their results are not consistently described in the literature. In this scenario, deep digital flexor (DDF) tenotomy is a therapeutic modality that can be used for the treatment of chronic laminitis, releasing the traction force that the DDF tendon exerts on the distal phalanx, which helps with realignment of the latter. The objective of this study was to address the important factors of DDF tenotomy and distal phalanx realignment for the treatment of horses with chronic laminitis. The results of the above analysis suggest that DDF tenotomy and realignment of the distal phalanx is a therapeutic option that should be learned by veterinarians and that it can produce benefits to horses with chronic laminitis

    Glossopharyngeal and vagus neuropathy associated to stylopharyngeus muscle compression in horse guttural pouch – case report

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    As neuropatias do glossofaríngeo e vago são frequentemente associadas com enfermidade das bolsas guturais. A ocorrência desta lesão secundária a compressão pelo músculo estilofaríngeo não é reportada. Relata-se o caso de uma égua quarto de milha, 8 anos de idade, 450 kg, apresentando dispneia, ruído respiratório e perda de peso. No exame clínico observou-se dispnéia mista, taquicardia, disfagia, sialorréia, crepitação pulmonar e linfadenopatia submandibular e parotídea. Ao exame endoscópico identificou-se condrite aritenóide direita, colapso nasofaríngeo, edema generalizado da laringe e deslocamento dorsal do palato mole. Na avaliação da bolsa gutural direita identificou-se aumento de volume na origem do músculo estilofaríngeo com consequente compressão dos nervos cranianos XII, X e IX. Foi realizada traqueotomia, tratamento sistêmico com corticosteróides e antibióticos. Nenhuma resolução foi observada, após 16 dias o animal apresentou piora clínica, pleuropneumonia, uveíte, sepse grave, insuficiência renal aguda e foi submetido à eutanásia. A neuropatia mista resultou em rápida deterioração clínica do animal, devido à dificuldade de deglutição e processos respiratórios associados. Salienta-se a importância de se avaliar a origem do músculo estilofaríngeo em casos de colapso nasofaríngeo associado a disfagia em cavalos, dada a possibilidade de que alterações estruturais nesse músculo possam resultar em neuropatia laríngea.Neuropathies of pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus are often associated with guttural pouches diseases; however, these branches of injury due to stylopharyngeus muscle compression are not reported. A case was reported of a quarter horse mare, 8 years old, 450 kg, presenting dyspnea and respiratory noise associated with weight loss. Clinical examination observed mixed dyspnea, tachycardia, dysphagia, sialorrhea, lung crackles and submandibular and parotid lymphadenopathy. Endoscopic exam showed right arytenoid chondritis, nasopharyngeal collapse, generalized larynx edema and dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Right guttural pouch evaluation showed swelling in the origin of stylopharyngeus muscle with consequent compression of the XII, X and IX cranial nerves. Tracheotomy, systemic treatment with corticosteroids, beta lactams and aminoglycosides antibiotics were performed. No resolution was observed and, after 16 days, the animal showed clinical worsening, developed pleuropneumonia, uveitis, severe sepsis, acute renal failure and was euthanized. The mixed neuropathy resulted in rapid clinical deterioration of the animal, due to the difficulty in swallowing and consequent associated respiratory processes. This report emphasizes the importance of evaluating stylopharyngeus muscle origin in cases of nasopharyngeal collapse associated with dysphagia in horses, given the possibility that structural changes in this muscle can result in laryngeal neuropathy

    Associação da ceftriaxona intraperitoneal, gentamicina intravenosa e do metronidazol oral no tratamento de abscesso abdominal e peritonite em equino: relato de um caso

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    O tratamento conservativo dos abscessos abdominais em equinos requer antibioticoterapia prolongada e apresenta variadas taxas de sucesso. Foi atendido um cavalo de seis anos de idade, com histórico de cólica e múltiplas punções abdominais por agulha para esvaziamento de gás. Na admissão, foram observados taquicardia, taquipnéia, hipertermia, congestão mucosa, desidratação e marcha rígida. A associação do exame físico, achados laboratoriais e ultrassonográficos permitiu o diagnóstico de peritonite e abscesso abdominal. Foi realizado tratamento suporte e antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro: ceftriaxona intraperitoneal diária (25 mg/kg, 7 dias); gentamicina intravenosa diária (6,6 mg/kg, 7 dias); metronidazol oral três vezes ao dia (15 mg/kg, 12 dias), seguido de mesma dose duas vezes ao dia, por mais 33 dias, totalizando 45 dias de tratamento. O fibrinogênio plasmático e o exame ultrassonográfico foram os recursos mais eficazes para a avaliação da evolução do abscesso. Após 24 horas do início do tratamento foi constatada a normalização do exame fisico, regressão progressiva da contagem de células nucleadas no líquido peritoneal, do fibrinogênio plasmático e do tamanho do abscesso. No 10° dia de tratamento o animal recebeu alta hospitalar, mantendo-se a terapia oral com metronidazol a cada 12 horas (15 mg/Kg). Em retorno, ao 30° dia, observou-se regressão do tamanho do abscesso, entretanto, não houve resolução, tendo sido mantida a terapia com metronidazol. No 45º dia de tratamento, realizou-se nova avaliação hospitalar, onde foi observada a resolução do abscesso e a admnistração do metronidazol foi suspensa. Destaca-se, que a associação terapêutica utilizada no tratamento de infecção abdominal e abscesso resultou em rápida resposta clínica.Medical management of abdominal abscesses in horses requires prolonged antibiotic therapy and presents varied success rates. A 6-year-old male horse with a history of colic and multiple abdominal punctures to relieve gas was attended. At admission, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, mucosal congestion, dehydration, and rigid gait were observed. The association of physical examination, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings allowed the diagnoses of peritonitis and abdominal abscess. Supporting treatment plus broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was performed: daily intraperitoneal ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg, 7 days); daily intravenous gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg, 7 days); per os metronidazole three times a day (15 mg/kg 12 days), followed by the same dose twice a day (15 mg/kg 33 days), totaling 45 days of treatment. Plasma fibrinogen and ultrasonographic examination were the most effective tools to evaluate abscess evolution. There was normalization of the physical examination 24 h after beginning the treatment, consecutive regression of the nucleated cell count in the peritoneal fluid, and regression of plasma fibrinogen and size of the abscess. On the 10th treatment day, the animal was discharged from the hospital, maintaining oral therapy with metronidazole every 12 h (15 mg / kg). When the animal returned on the 30th day, an abscess size regression was observed. However, there was no resolution, and therapy with metronidazole was maintained. On the 45th day of treatment, a new hospital evaluation was performed, where the abscess resolved, and metronidazole was suspended. It is highlighted that the therapeutic association used in the treatment of abdominal infection and abscess resulted in a rapid clinical respons

    Application of spirometry during standard incremental exercise test on treadmill for respiratory gas exchange evaluation of Arabian horses

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    The current study evaluated equine gas exchange responses through spirometry, by measuring oxygenuptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R) and maximum oxygenuptake (VO2max) of Arabian horses during a standard incremental exercise test performed on a high-speedtreadmill. Six clinically healthy Arabian horses were submitted to a standard incremental exercise test,performed on a high-speed treadmill at a 6% slope, and initial speed of 1,8 m.s-1 for 5 minutes, then 4,0m.s-1 for 3 minutes, 6,0 m.s-1 for 2 minutes and 8,0 m.s-1, 9,0 m.s-1, 10,0 m.s-1 and 11,0 m.s-1 for oneminute for each of these speed. The end of the exercise test was defined as the point in which the horse wasno longer able to keep pace with the treadmill. Gas exchange was measured through respiratory analyseshorse mask on the last 10 seconds at the end of each speed transition and at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after theend of the exercise, defined as experiment moments. During exercise, it was noticed an increase on bothVO2 and VCO2 with linear relationship between exercise and speed. Arabian horses VO2max was 114,9mL.kg-1.min-1. The respiratory exchange ratio increased over 1,0 by the speed of 9,0 m.s-1, indicating thepreponderance of the anaerobic metabolism, and remains at a high level on the post-exercise period.No presente estudo avaliou-se a troca gasosa respiratória pela mensuração do consumo de oxigênio (VO2),dióxido de carbono produzido (VCO2) e quociente respiratório (R), e determinou-se o consumo máximo deoxigênio (VO2max) de cavalos da raça Árabe durante o teste padrão de exercício progressivo em esteira dealta velocidade. Seis equinos adultos da raça Árabe, clinicamente hígidos foram submetidos ao teste emesteira com inclinação de 6%, o qual consistiu da velocidade inicial de 1,8 m/s por 5 minutos, a 4 m/s por 3minutos, a 6 m/s por 2 minutos e fases a 8 m/s, 9 m/s, 10 m/s e 11 m/s por 1 minuto cada, de modo que amanta da esteira foi parada quando os cavalos não conseguiram acompanhar a velocidade da mesma. Atroca gasosa foi monitorada por meio da máscara de análise de gases respiratórios para equinos, nosúltimos 10 segundos finais de cada mudança de velocidade e a 1, 2 e 3 minutos após o término doexercício. Durante o exercício há elevação do VO2 e VCO2 com relação linear conforme a intensidade deexercício. O VO2max dos cavalos da raça Árabe é de 114,9 mL/kg/min. O quociente respiratório eleva-separa valores maiores que 1,0 a partir da velocidade de 9,0 m/s, indicando o predomínio do metabolismoanaeróbico, e mantêm-se ainda elevado no período pós-exercício

    Electrocardiographic exam in Arabian horses submitted to exercise on high-speed treadmill and vitamin E supplementation

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    Avaliou-se o efeito do exercício físico, treinamento e suplementação com vitamina E sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos, utilizando oito éguas da raça Puro Sangue Árabe, sem treinamento prévio, distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (n=4) e suplementado com vitamina E (n=4) na dose diária de 1.000 UI. Os animais foram submetidos a uma prova de exercício progressivo (P1) em esteira de alta velocidade inclinada a +7%, em seguida a um período de treinamento de 20 dias e posteriormente uma nova prova de exercício progressivo (P2). Realizou-se a análise e interpretação dos traçados eletrocardiográficos quanto ao ritmo, frequência cardíaca, duração e amplitude das ondas e intervalos, antes, imediatamente após e 30 min após o exercício progressivo. Observou-se uma diminuição da frequência cardíaca de repouso após o treinamento. Não houve efeito da suplementação com vitamina E sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos. Os resultados indicaram que o eletrocardiograma foi eficiente na detecção das alterações cardíacas promovidas pelo exercício físico, mas necessita-se de mais estudos para elucidar o seu significado clínico.The effect of physical exercise, training and vitamin E supplementation on electrocardiographic parameters was evaluated in eight untrained Arabian mares, divided into two groups: control (n=4) and supplemented with vitamin E (n=4) at the daily dose of 1.000 UI. Animals were submitted to an incremental exercise test (P1) on high-speed treadmill inclined +7%, after that to a training period of 20 days and later to a new incremental exercise test (P2). Analysis and interpretation of electrocardiographic tracings were performed regarding the rhythm, heart rate, duration and amplitude of waves and intervals, before, immediately after and 30 min after the incremental exercise. A reduction of the rest heart rate was observed after training. There was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on electrocardiographic parameters. Results indicated that the electrocardiogram was efficient in detention of cardiac alterations promoted by the physical exercise, but more studies are needed to elucidate its clinical meaning

    Atividades séricas da aspartato aminotransferase, creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase de eqüinos submetidos ao teste padrão de exercício progressivo em esteira

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    Objetivou-se determinar a atividade sérica das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) de cavalos da raça Árabe submetidos a exercício em esteira de alta velocidade. Onze eqüinos adultos da raça Árabe foram condicionados e submetidos ao Teste Padrão de Exercício Progressivo em esteira. Antes, imediatamente após o término do exercício, e nos momentos pós-exercício, 30min, 60min, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 3 dias e 5 dias, foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso para as determinações séricas das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). As concentrações séricas da AST, da CK e da LDH elevam-se imediatamente e retornam a valores semelhantes ao de repouso 30 minutos após o término do Teste Padrão de Exercício Progressivo. A atividade enzimática da aspartato aminotransferase (AST) eleva-se de 12 horas a 24 horas, da creatina quinase (CK) de 3 horas a 6 horas e da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) 24 horas após o término do Teste Padrão de Exercício Progressivo.The aim of this study was to determine the serum activities of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in Arabian horses submitted to exercise on high-speed equine treadmill. Eleven mature Arabian horse were training and submitted to Standard Incremental Exercise Test on high-speed equine treadmill. Venous blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately and 30 min, 60min, 3h, 6h, 24h, 3 days and 5 days after exercise. The serum activity aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were determined. The serum activies of AST, CK and LDH increase immediately and returned to baseline value 30 minutes after exercise. The AST enzyme activity increased at 12 hours and 24 hours, CK at 3 hours and 6 hours, and LDH at 24 hours after Standard Incremental Exercise Test
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