104 research outputs found

    Review of “Justice and the Supreme Court,” By Rocco J. Tresolini

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    Intercircuit Conflicts in the Courts of Appeals

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    Intercircuit Conflicts in the Courts of Appeal

    The Senate and Supreme Court Nominations: Some Reflections

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    Sammanfattning Vad Ă€r en transformation, och vad den kan vara? Hur kan en strategi för hur man kan förhĂ„lla sig till transformationsprojekt se ut? Jag har definierat det som att en transformation handlar om att ta en befintlig byggnad och införa ett nytt program som skapar en ny verklighet. Det kan finnas flera anledningar till att göra en transformation istĂ€llet för att bygga nytt. Den viktigaste anledningen som jag har valt att arbeta med handlar om att fĂ„nga upp de vĂ€rden som finns i en byggnad och fĂ„ med sig dem och bygga vidare pĂ„ dem istĂ€llet för att skapa helt andra vĂ€rden. VĂ€rden Ă€r saker som yta, volym, rumshöjd, ljusförhĂ„llanden, material och detaljer. Det Ă€r saker som de gjutna betongtrapporna och de speciella fönsterpartierna i byggnaden. För mig Ă€r det detta som Ă€r sjĂ€lva idĂ©n och meningen med en transformation. För vĂ€rdena som bevaras knyter an till historien och bĂ€r och bevarar minnen och identiteter. De skapar en kontinuitet i byggnadens berĂ€ttelse. I en transformation uppkommer en mĂ€ngd stora konflikter eftersom det nya programmet efterfrĂ„gar vĂ€rden som byggnaden saknar. Hur man vĂ€ljer att lösa dessa konflikter Ă€r det mest kritiska och svĂ„raste i en transformation. Jag gör transformationen i tvĂ„ steg. Det första steget gĂ„r ut pĂ„ att definiera sĂ„ mycket vĂ€rden som möjligt och försöka fĂ„ med dem in i det nya programmet samtidigt som jag bortser nĂ„got frĂ„n helheten. Boendena fanns dĂ€r sedan tidigare, för mig handlade det bara om att isolera vĂ€rdena och föra med dem in i det nya programmet. Jag har behĂ„llit sĂ„ mycket av det befintliga som möjligt för att hĂ„lla vĂ€rdena intakta och bara lagt till vĂ€ggar för att avgrĂ€nsa lĂ€genheterna. Det jag dĂ„ fĂ„r Ă€r vĂ€ldigt speciella boenden, mĂ„nga har egna ingĂ„ngar, breder ut sig i tvĂ„ plan och har ljusinslĂ€pp frĂ„n tvĂ„ hĂ„ll. Det hĂ€r Ă€r ett sĂ€kert och relativt enkelt sĂ€tt att bevara vĂ€rden. NĂ€r dessa bevarade boenden Ă€r definierade uppkommer de svĂ„ra konflikterna som ocksĂ„ gör transformationen sĂ„ pass intressant. Ytorna som Ă€r kvar efter att jag lagt ut dessa behĂ„llna boenden Ă€r svĂ„ra att skapa bra boenden ifrĂ„n. Jag tror att det Ă€r viktigt att tillĂ€ggen som mĂ„ste till i en transformation anknyter till byggnaden som var. Annars Ă€r risken stor att vĂ€rdena som fanns förstörs. Anknytning handlar för mig om att det nya tar upp saker som rumsliga koncept, formmĂ€ssiga, materialmĂ€ssiga eller strukturella koncept. InnergĂ„rdarna som finns dĂ€r idag anvĂ€nds dĂ„ligt. Egentligen Ă€r innergĂ„rdar nĂ„got fantastiskt. De drar inte bara in solljus utan Ă€ven skugga, regn, snö, ljud, vĂ€xtlighet, insekter och fĂ„glar djupt in i en byggnadsvolym. DĂ€rför har jag valt att utveckla de innergĂ„rdar som redan finns genom att lĂ€gga till nĂ„gra fler. I och runt kring skolan finns ocksĂ„ flera platsgjutna betongtrappor. För att skapa förbindelser har jag lagt till nya liknande trappor. En bra transformation skapar förutsĂ€ttningar för ett nytt behov samtidigt som den behĂ„ller de viktigaste vĂ€rdena i en byggnad och bygger vidare pĂ„ identiteten istĂ€llet för att förstöra den. Min strategi för transformationer i tvĂ„ steg handlar om att först fĂ„ med sig vissa speciella vĂ€rden in i ett nytt program utan att ta hĂ€nsyn till byggnaden som helhet. DĂ€refter skapas ett tillĂ€gg som relaterar till det befintliga men samtidigt löser de konflikter som alltid uppkommer vid en transformation. Resultatet i det hĂ€r fallet Ă€r boenden som Ă€r vĂ€ldigt speciella jĂ€mfört med boenden som normalt byggs idag. Det Ă€r inga typlĂ€genheter utan boendena som skapas har ytor, volymer, detaljer och andra egenskaper som nybyggda boenden sĂ€llan har.  Abstract What is a transformation, and what could it be? How could a strategy for how to approach a transformation project look? I have defined a transformation as the act of taking an existing building and inserting a new program that creates a new reality. There can be many reasons to do a transformation instead of building something new. The most important reason that I have chosen to work with is about capturing the qualities or values that exists in a building and bring them into the new reality and build on them instead of creating whole different values. Values in this case are things like surface area, volumes, height, light conditions, material and details. It is things like the cast concrete stairs and the very special windows in some parts of the building. To me this is the core idea and purpose of any transformation. Because the values that are kept ties the present to the history, and carries and keeps memories and identities. They create continuity in the story of the building. In a transformation a number of mayor conflicts arise because the new program demands values that the existing building lacks. How you chose to solve these conflicts is the most critical and most difficult aspect of any transformation. My transformation is done two steps. The first step is about identifying as much values as possible and trying to bring them into the new program while overlooking the whole. The dwelling was there already, all I had to do was isolate the values and bring them in to the new program. I have kept as much of the existing material as possible to keep the values intact and only added walls to define the new apartments. The result is very particular dwellings; a lot of them have their own entrances, they are spreading out both horizontally and vertically and have sunlight from two directions. This is a safe and rather easy way of keeping values. When these kept dwellings are defined the more difficult conflicts arises that makes the transformation so interesting. The surface areas that remain after I have laid out these kept dwellings are hard to create good dwellings from. I think it’s important that the additions that has to be made in a transformation relates to the building that used to be. Otherwise thereÂŽs a great risk that the existing values are destroyed. Relation for me is about picking up things like spatial concepts and concepts relating to form, material or structure. The courtyards that exist today are rarely in use. Courtyards are actually something amazing. They don’t only retract sunlight but also shadow, rain, snow, sounds, foliage, bugs and birds deep into a building. Therefore I have chosen to develop the courtyards that already exists by adding some more. In and around the school there are also several stairs in cast concrete. To create connections I’ve added new similar stairs.   A good transformation creates the conditions needed for a new demand, while keeping the most important values in a building and adds to the identity instead of destroying it.   My strategy for transformations in two steps is about first bringing certain special values into a new program without considering the building as a whole. Afterwards an addition is created which relates to the existing while solving the conflicts that always arise when doing a transformation. The result in this case is dwellings that are very particular compared to the dwellings which are usually built today. They are not standard flats but dwellings with surface areas, volumes, details and other characteristics that newly built dwellings rarely has

    Two Views of Non-Voting: A Critique

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    The view that non-voting is bad is contrasted with the view that non-voting can be functional for a political system. Works by Schattschneider and Berelson et al. are examined. Limitations in their arguments are pointed out, particularly the farmer\u27s assertion that non-voters are being manipulated and the letters\u27 emphasis on the short-run aspects of the system. The arguments are related to traditional conceptions of democracy

    The Supreme Court\u27s Impact On Litigation

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    The focus of this article is on that segment of the litigation cycle in which lawyers\u27 attention to the Court\u27s rulings affects the cases they bring and how they bring them. To indicate the Court\u27s importance for litigating organizations\u27 existence and functioning, we first explore a set of cases involving the NAACP. These cases, involving the organization\u27s survival, show how the need for organizational maintenance affects an organization\u27s ability to litigate as it would like to do. Drawing on the law of procedure, we next examine cases affecting organizations\u27 ability to bring cases. Then we turn to see how Supreme Court rulings are thought to affect civil rights litigators\u27 choice of areas of law in which to bring cases. In keeping with our emphasis on how Supreme Court rulings can affect the dynamics of ongoing litigation, we give more extended attention to the Denver and first Detroit school desegregation cases, which allow us to recapitulate the variety of effects Supreme Court rulings have on continuing litigation and its dynamics

    Communication in the Ninth Circuit: A Concern for Collegiality

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    After a discussion of the court\u27s basic organization, the general stages of consideration of a case will be briefly described. Then attention will be focused on communication between the judges about cases. Cases before screening panels will be discussed first. Then cases set for argument before three-judge panels will be examined beginning with pre-argument communication, extending through exchanges at argument, the postargument conference, and the post-conference period. This will be followed by discussion of communication leading to the call for an en banc court. Communication among judges chosen for an en banc court will be considered next along with intracircuit inconsistency, often discussed in the post-disposition/pre-en banc period and a principal reason for the court\u27s going en banc. Judges\u27 communication with district judges with whom they sit will be noted, and judges\u27 communication with each other through law clerks and staff attorneys will also be discussed. The article will end with an examination of some factors thought to have possible effects on intracircuit communication-norms of behavior, the number of judges on the court, its geographic size, judges\u27 locations throughout the circuit-and with the judges\u27 views as to their satisfaction with intracourt communication

    The Communication of the Supreme Court\u27s Criminal Procedure Decisions: A Preliminary Mapping

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