6 research outputs found

    Reducing runoff by increasing landscaped areas

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    In the Sahel, many water and soils conservation techniques have been implemented within degraded soil areas to reduce their runoff production capacity. However, few are the works that have analyzed the relationships between the landscaping extension area and the importance of the runoff drop generated. The present work aims at fullfulling this lack of knowledge. Experiments were carried out within the Tondi Kiboro catchment (17.7 ha) which is a representative site of the hydro-environmental conditions of Western Niger. In 2007 and 2008, the initial catchment runoff coefficient (no landscaping) was determined using a hydrometric station. In 2010, 3% of the catchment contributory surface (lateritic plateau) was laid out by benches. This proportion was then gradually increased every year to reach 9% in 2016. Thus, it was possible to follow the concomitant evolution of landscaped area and runoff coefficient. The results show that benches play an important role in water retention and flow limitation. Between 2010 and 2016, the runoff coefficient decreased from 43% to 10% though the total landscaped surface remains less than 10%. Since 2012, the runoff coefficient has more or less stabilized around 10% (± 2%). It is thus remarkable that the runoff decrease is not proportional to the dimension of the landscaped surface. Thanks to this work, it was possible to determine an optimal landscaped area that can reduce runoff to a desired level

    Dynamique Hydro-Erosive Actuelle Des Bassins Versants Endoreiques De La Region De Niamey (Sud-Ouest Du Niger)

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    La gĂ©nĂ©ralisation du ravinement et la baisse de la productivitĂ© des terres sont quelques-unes des principales contraintes qui assaillent l’utilisation des sols au Sahel. Pour gĂ©rer efficacement ces sols, une Ă©valuation des processus hydro-Ă©rosifs est nĂ©cessaire. Ce travail a ainsi pour objectif d’analyser la dynamique hydro-Ă©rosive sur un site expĂ©rimental installĂ© depuis 2004 dans la rĂ©gion de Niamey (Niger). Sur ce site, le dispositif de mesure est composĂ© de huit parcelles de mesures de ruissellement et d’érosion, des stations hydromĂ©triques Ă  l’exutoire des deux bassins versants endorĂ©iques et de plusieurs piquets destinĂ©s aux suivis morpho-dynamiques des ravines. AprĂšs une dĂ©cennie d’observation, les ruissellements mesurĂ©s sur les parcelles se caractĂ©risent par une dynamique saisonniĂšre croissante sur les surfaces encroĂ»tĂ©es (croĂ»tes biologique et d’érosion) et dĂ©croissante sur les surfaces cultivĂ©es. Le coefficient de ruissellement varie de 5 % sur la surface cultivĂ©e Ă  58 % sur la croĂ»te d’érosion. Au cours des 10 annĂ©es de mesure, ce coefficient a connu une forte croissance en particulier sur la jachĂšre (+ 80 %) et sur la surface cultivĂ©e (+ 300 %), traduisant ainsi la dĂ©gradation des sols. A l’échelle des bassins versants, l’augmentation du coefficient de ruissellement s’accompagne d’une Ă©rosion arĂ©olaire qui dĂ©cape le sol Ă  une vitesse moyenne de 5 mm/an et d’une Ă©rosion linĂ©aire active, de l’ordre de 4 m3/an au niveau des ravines suivies. Les transferts sĂ©dimentaires qui en rĂ©sultent agissent sur le fonctionnement morpho-sĂ©dimentaire des cours d’eau. Des amĂ©nagements antiĂ©rosifs sont nĂ©cessaires pour dissiper les processus hydro-Ă©rosifs et prĂ©server les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques des sols des bassins. Widespread gullying and the declining land productivity are some of the main constraints plaguing land use in the Sahel. In order to effectively manage these soils, it has become necessary to assess the hydro-erosive processes. The current study, thus, aims at analyzing the hydro-erosion dynamics on an experimental site installed since 2004 in the Niamey region (Niger Republic). On this site, the measurement device is made up of eight runoff and erosion measurement plots, hydrometric stations at the outlet of the two endorheic watersheds and several stakes intended for morpho-dynamic monitoring of the gullies. After a decade of observation, the runoff measured on the plots is characterized by an increasing seasonal dynamic on encrusted surfaces (biological and erosion crusts) and a decreasing one on cultivated surfaces. The runoff coefficient varies from 5% on the cultivated area to 58% on the erosion crust. Over the 10 years of measurement, this coefficient has greatly increased, especially on the fallow (+ 80%) and on cultivated area (+ 300%); this increase consequently reflects soil degradation. At the watershed scale, the increase in the runoff coefficient is accompanied by area erosion (or the erosion of the area out of the basin) which strikes the soil at an average speed of 5 mm/year and active linear erosion measuring 4 m3/year as observed at the monitored (the ongoing investigated) gullies. The resulting sediment transfers act on the morpho-sedimentary functioning of rivers. Anti-erosion facilities are necessary to dissipate the hydro-erosive processes and preserve the ecosystem services of the soil in the basin

    Effets du sous-solage sur les propriétés physiques et le stock d'eau des sols nus de brousse tigrée de l'Ouest du Niger

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    Abstract In western Niger, climatic and anthropogenic constraints are at the origin of the degradation of the tiger bush, plant formations of the setback plateaus. This degradation which is manifested both by the shrinkage of thickets and the extension of bare soils disturbs the natural water functioning of this plant formation.Among the many CES/DRS technics used is subsoiling, which involves reworking the soil to improve its infiltration capacity.This work aims to evaluate the effects of this technique on the hydrodynamic functioning and storage capacity of bare soils in the tiger bush. It is carried out at the Tondi Kiboro site (western Niger).A menagement by subsoiling was carried out of this study site using a tractor working on a depth of approximately 40 cm. During the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons, daily soil moisture measurements were made by neutron sounding. The same monitoring is carried out on a control plot.The analysis of the variation of the water stock shows a clear increase in the water content and an infiltration depth (150 cm) which triples compared to the control (50 cm). Water storage values are also significantly increased (240 mm against 150 mm for control). The humidity profiles make it possible to quantify the gain in infiltration depth (≈100 mm) due to the subsoil. It would be interesting to analyze the economic aspect in connection with the effectiveness of the techniques in order to propose a tool to help the sustainable management of ecosystem resources.Key words : South-West Niger, tiger bush, deforestation, management techniques, soil water storageRĂ©sumĂ©Dans l’Ouest du Niger, les contraintes climatiques et anthropiques sont Ă  l’origine de la dĂ©gradation de la brousse tigrĂ©e, formation vĂ©gĂ©tale des revers de plateau. Cette dĂ©gradation qui se manifeste Ă  la fois par le rĂ©trĂ©cissement des fourrĂ©s et l’extension des sols nus perturbe le fonctionnement hydrique naturel de cette formation vĂ©gĂ©tale. Parmi des nombreuses techniques de CES/DRS utilisĂ©es figure le sous-solage qui consiste Ă  remanier le sol afin d’amĂ©liorer sa capacitĂ© d’infiltration. Ce travail vise Ă  Ă©valuer les effets de cette technique sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des sols nus de brousse tigrĂ©e et leur capacitĂ© de stockage. Il est effectuĂ© sur le site de Tondi Kiboro (Ouest du Niger). Un amĂ©nagement par sous-solage a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© sur ce site Ă  l’aide d’un tracteur travaillant sur une profondeur d’environ 40 cm. Au cours des saisons pluvieuses 2016 et 2017, des mesures quotidiennes de l’humiditĂ© du sol ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es par sondage neutronique. Le mĂȘme suivi est effectuĂ© sur une parcelle tĂ©moin.L’analyse de la variation du stock hydrique met en Ă©vidence une nette augmentation de la teneur en eau et une profondeur d’infiltration (150 cm) qui triple par rapport au tĂ©moin (50 cm). Les stocks hydriques sont aussi nettement augmentĂ©s (240 mm contre 150 mm pour tĂ©moin). Les profils d’humiditĂ© permettent de chiffrer le gain en profondeur d’infiltration (≈100 mm) dĂ» au sous-solage.Il serait intĂ©ressant d’analyser l’aspect Ă©conomique en lien avec l’efficacitĂ© des techniques afin de proposer un outil d’aide Ă  la gestion durable des ressources Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Mots clĂ©s : Sud-Ouest du Niger, brousse tigrĂ©e, dĂ©boisement, amĂ©nagement, stock d’eau du so

    Effets du sous-solage sur les propriétés physiques et le stock d'eau des sols nus de brousse tigrée de l'Ouest du Niger

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    Abstract In western Niger, climatic and anthropogenic constraints are at the origin of the degradation of the tiger bush, plant formations of the setback plateaus. This degradation which is manifested both by the shrinkage of thickets and the extension of bare soils disturbs the natural water functioning of this plant formation.Among the many CES/DRS technics used is subsoiling, which involves reworking the soil to improve its infiltration capacity.This work aims to evaluate the effects of this technique on the hydrodynamic functioning and storage capacity of bare soils in the tiger bush. It is carried out at the Tondi Kiboro site (western Niger).A menagement by subsoiling was carried out of this study site using a tractor working on a depth of approximately 40 cm. During the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons, daily soil moisture measurements were made by neutron sounding. The same monitoring is carried out on a control plot.The analysis of the variation of the water stock shows a clear increase in the water content and an infiltration depth (150 cm) which triples compared to the control (50 cm). Water storage values are also significantly increased (240 mm against 150 mm for control). The humidity profiles make it possible to quantify the gain in infiltration depth (≈100 mm) due to the subsoil. It would be interesting to analyze the economic aspect in connection with the effectiveness of the techniques in order to propose a tool to help the sustainable management of ecosystem resources.Key words : South-West Niger, tiger bush, deforestation, management techniques, soil water storageRĂ©sumĂ©Dans l’Ouest du Niger, les contraintes climatiques et anthropiques sont Ă  l’origine de la dĂ©gradation de la brousse tigrĂ©e, formation vĂ©gĂ©tale des revers de plateau. Cette dĂ©gradation qui se manifeste Ă  la fois par le rĂ©trĂ©cissement des fourrĂ©s et l’extension des sols nus perturbe le fonctionnement hydrique naturel de cette formation vĂ©gĂ©tale. Parmi des nombreuses techniques de CES/DRS utilisĂ©es figure le sous-solage qui consiste Ă  remanier le sol afin d’amĂ©liorer sa capacitĂ© d’infiltration. Ce travail vise Ă  Ă©valuer les effets de cette technique sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des sols nus de brousse tigrĂ©e et leur capacitĂ© de stockage. Il est effectuĂ© sur le site de Tondi Kiboro (Ouest du Niger). Un amĂ©nagement par sous-solage a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© sur ce site Ă  l’aide d’un tracteur travaillant sur une profondeur d’environ 40 cm. Au cours des saisons pluvieuses 2016 et 2017, des mesures quotidiennes de l’humiditĂ© du sol ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es par sondage neutronique. Le mĂȘme suivi est effectuĂ© sur une parcelle tĂ©moin.L’analyse de la variation du stock hydrique met en Ă©vidence une nette augmentation de la teneur en eau et une profondeur d’infiltration (150 cm) qui triple par rapport au tĂ©moin (50 cm). Les stocks hydriques sont aussi nettement augmentĂ©s (240 mm contre 150 mm pour tĂ©moin). Les profils d’humiditĂ© permettent de chiffrer le gain en profondeur d’infiltration (≈100 mm) dĂ» au sous-solage.Il serait intĂ©ressant d’analyser l’aspect Ă©conomique en lien avec l’efficacitĂ© des techniques afin de proposer un outil d’aide Ă  la gestion durable des ressources Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Mots clĂ©s : Sud-Ouest du Niger, brousse tigrĂ©e, dĂ©boisement, amĂ©nagement, stock d’eau du so

    Effets du sous-solage sur les propriétés physiques et le stock d'eau des sols nus de brousse tigrée de l'Ouest du Niger

    No full text
    Abstract In western Niger, climatic and anthropogenic constraints are at the origin of the degradation of the tiger bush, plant formations of the setback plateaus. This degradation which is manifested both by the shrinkage of thickets and the extension of bare soils disturbs the natural water functioning of this plant formation.Among the many CES/DRS technics used is subsoiling, which involves reworking the soil to improve its infiltration capacity.This work aims to evaluate the effects of this technique on the hydrodynamic functioning and storage capacity of bare soils in the tiger bush. It is carried out at the Tondi Kiboro site (western Niger).A menagement by subsoiling was carried out of this study site using a tractor working on a depth of approximately 40 cm. During the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons, daily soil moisture measurements were made by neutron sounding. The same monitoring is carried out on a control plot.The analysis of the variation of the water stock shows a clear increase in the water content and an infiltration depth (150 cm) which triples compared to the control (50 cm). Water storage values are also significantly increased (240 mm against 150 mm for control). The humidity profiles make it possible to quantify the gain in infiltration depth (≈100 mm) due to the subsoil. It would be interesting to analyze the economic aspect in connection with the effectiveness of the techniques in order to propose a tool to help the sustainable management of ecosystem resources.Key words : South-West Niger, tiger bush, deforestation, management techniques, soil water storageRĂ©sumĂ©Dans l’Ouest du Niger, les contraintes climatiques et anthropiques sont Ă  l’origine de la dĂ©gradation de la brousse tigrĂ©e, formation vĂ©gĂ©tale des revers de plateau. Cette dĂ©gradation qui se manifeste Ă  la fois par le rĂ©trĂ©cissement des fourrĂ©s et l’extension des sols nus perturbe le fonctionnement hydrique naturel de cette formation vĂ©gĂ©tale. Parmi des nombreuses techniques de CES/DRS utilisĂ©es figure le sous-solage qui consiste Ă  remanier le sol afin d’amĂ©liorer sa capacitĂ© d’infiltration. Ce travail vise Ă  Ă©valuer les effets de cette technique sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des sols nus de brousse tigrĂ©e et leur capacitĂ© de stockage. Il est effectuĂ© sur le site de Tondi Kiboro (Ouest du Niger). Un amĂ©nagement par sous-solage a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© sur ce site Ă  l’aide d’un tracteur travaillant sur une profondeur d’environ 40 cm. Au cours des saisons pluvieuses 2016 et 2017, des mesures quotidiennes de l’humiditĂ© du sol ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es par sondage neutronique. Le mĂȘme suivi est effectuĂ© sur une parcelle tĂ©moin.L’analyse de la variation du stock hydrique met en Ă©vidence une nette augmentation de la teneur en eau et une profondeur d’infiltration (150 cm) qui triple par rapport au tĂ©moin (50 cm). Les stocks hydriques sont aussi nettement augmentĂ©s (240 mm contre 150 mm pour tĂ©moin). Les profils d’humiditĂ© permettent de chiffrer le gain en profondeur d’infiltration (≈100 mm) dĂ» au sous-solage.Il serait intĂ©ressant d’analyser l’aspect Ă©conomique en lien avec l’efficacitĂ© des techniques afin de proposer un outil d’aide Ă  la gestion durable des ressources Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Mots clĂ©s : Sud-Ouest du Niger, brousse tigrĂ©e, dĂ©boisement, amĂ©nagement, stock d’eau du so

    Dynamique Hydro-Erosive Actuelle Des Bassins Versants Endoreiques De La Region De Niamey (Sud-Ouest Du Niger)

    No full text
    International audienceWidespread gullying and the declining land productivity are some of the main constraints plaguing land use in the Sahel. In order to effectively manage these soils, it has become necessary to assess the hydro-erosive processes. The current study, thus, aims at analyzing the hydro-erosion dynamics on an experimental site installed since 2004 in the Niamey region (Niger Republic). On this site, the measurement device is made up of eight runoff and erosion measurement plots, hydrometric stations at the outlet of the two endorheic watersheds and several stakes intended for morpho-dynamic monitoring of the gullies. After a decade of observation, the runoff measured</div
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