Exploring Young Students' Functional Thinking

The Early Years Generalising Project (EYGP) involves Australian Years 1-4 (age 5-9) students and investigates how they grasp and express generalisations. This paper focuses on data collected from six Year 1 students in an exploratory study within a clinical interview setting that required students to identify function rules. Preliminary findings suggest that the use of gestures (both by students and interviewers), self-talk (by students), and concrete acting out, assisted students to reach generalisations and to begin to express these generalities. It also appears that as students become aware of the structure, their use of gestures and self- talk tended to decrease

Effects of low-intensity blood flow restriction training vs. no blood flow restriction training on measures of aerobic capacity in physically active individuals

Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has become an extremely popular training method over the years. Improvements in measures of aerobic capacity (such as VO2max) are crucial for individuals whom seek to be physically active for longer periods of time. Recent studies have focused on the combination of BFR and aerobic exercise at lower training intensities as an adapted training method for either maintaining or improving measures of aerobic capacity in physically active individuals.Clinical Question: In physically active individuals, is low-intensity blood flow restriction training more effective than no blood flow restriction training at improving measures of aerobic capacity?Methods: A computer-assisted literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCOHost databases (from inception to November 2019) was utilized to identify studies of level 3 evidence or higher that assessed the effect of low-intensity BFR training versus no BFR training on measures of aerobic capacity in physically active individuals. The main outcomes of interest were either pre-post testing assessments of aerobic fitness (such as VO2max or VO2peak) and/or pre-post testing assessments of aerobic performance (such as time to exhaustion).Summary of Key Findings: The search strategy revealed 4 studies that met the inclusion criteria. One study reported that there were no significant improvements in measures of aerobic capacity when using low-intensity BFR training versus not using BFR training (1.96%, p < 0.05), while two studies reported that there in fact were significant improvements in measures of aerobic capacity (VO2max: 6.5%, p < 0.05 and TTE: 15.4%, p < 0.01; VO2max: +9.1± 6.2%, P < 0.001). One study reported that there were significant improvements in aerobic capacity when using low-intensity BFR training versus low-intensity training without BFR (BFR group: 5.6 ± 4.2%, P = 0.006, ES = 0.33; LOW group: 0.4 ± 4.7%, P = 0.75); however, high-intensity training without BFR showed greater improvements in aerobic capacity when compared to low-intensity training with BFR (HIT group: 9.2 ± 6.5%, P = 0.002, ES = 0.9).Clinical Bottom Line: There is moderate evidence to support the use of low-intensity BFR training to improve aerobic capacity in physically active individuals.Strength of Recommendation: Grade B evidence exists that low-intensity BFR training is more effective than no BFR training at improving measures of aerobic capacity in physically active individuals

Utilizing Low-Intensity Blood Flow Restriction Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Physically Active and Injured Individuals: A Critically Appraised Topic

Purpose: To determine if, in physically active individuals, low-intensity Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training is more effective than training without BFR at improving measures of aerobic capacity. Methods: A database search was conducted for articles that matched inclusion criteria (minimum level 2 evidence, physically active participants, comparison of low-intensity BFR to no BFR training, comparison of pre-post testing with aerobic fitness or performance, training protocols \u3e2 weeks, studies published after 2010) by two authors and assessed by one using the PEDro scale (a minimum of 5/10 was required) to ensure level 2 quality studies that were then analyzed. Results: Four studies met all inclusion criteria. Three of the studies found significant improvements in aerobic capacity (VO2max) using BFR compared to no BFR. While the fourth study reported significant improvements in time to exertion (TTE) training with BFR, this same study did not find significant improvements in measures of aerobic capacity with BFR training. All compared BFR to non-BFR training. It was noted that high-intensity training without BFR was superior to both low-intensity training with and without BFR with respect to improvements in aerobic capacity. Conclusions: Moderate evidence exists to support the use of low-intensity BFR training to improve measures of aerobic capacity in physically active individuals over not using BRF. Clinicians seeking to maintain aerobic capacity in their patients who are unable, for various reasons, to perform high levels of aerobic activity may find low-intensity BFR training useful as a substitution while still receiving improvements in measures of aerobic capacity

Air/Sea Transfer of Highly Soluble Gases Over Coastal Waters

The deposition of soluble trace gases to the sea surface is not well studied due to a lack of flux measurements over the ocean. Here we report simultaneous air/sea eddy covariance flux measurements of water vapor, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and momentum from a coastal North Atlantic pier. Gas transfer velocities were on average about 20% lower for SO2 than for H2O. This difference is attributed to the difference in molecular diffusivity between the two molecules (D SO 2/D H 2O = 0.5), in reasonable agreement with bulk parameterizations in air/sea gas models. This study demonstrates that it is possible to observe the effect of molecular diffusivity on air‐side resistance to gas transfer. The slope of observed relationship between gas transfer velocity and friction velocity is slightly smaller than predicted by gas transfer models, possibly due to wind/wave interactions that are unaccounted for in current models

Correction to Oceanic Uptake and the Global Atmospheric Acetone Budget

In the paper ‘‘Oceanic uptake and the global atmospheric acetone budget’’ by C. A. Marandino et al. (Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023285) it was recently determined that a calculation error was made during flux data processing

Direct Correlation between Diffusion of Loxosceles reclusa Venom and Extent of Dermal Inflammation

Objectives: Envenomation by Loxosceles species (brown recluse) spiders results in large dermal inflammatory lesions. Venom-induced dermal inflammation occurs indirectly via soluble mediators of inflammation. This study aimed to explore whether the anatomic extent of dermonecrotic arachnidism is due to the cascade of soluble proinflammatory mediators elicited by venom deposited at the bite site, or due to diffusion of the venom per se. Methods: Three New Zealand white rabbits received intradermal L. reclusa venom (3-Μg) injections in the flank. At the time of maximum dermal inflammation (24 hr), paired 4-mm dermal biopsies were obtained in 2-cm intervals extending 0 to 12 cm from the inoculation site. Normal dermal tissue was obtained from the opposite flank to serve as a negative control. One biopsy sample from each interval was homogenized and assayed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and for the presence of venom via an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The other paired dermal biopsy was sectioned, and examined for the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) by microscopy. Lesional areas were measured using digital images imported into imaging software. Results: Mean ± SD lesional diameter 24 hours post inoculation measured 9.18 ± 0.64 cm. Venom was detected in biopsies 0 to 10 cm from the injection site. As expected, the highest venom concentrations were measured at the inoculation site (4.28 ± 3.9 ng/4 mm). In addition, PMNs and MPO were detected up to 8 and 10 cm from the inoculation site, respectively. Neither PMNs nor MPO was detected in tissue absent of venom (kappa = 0.88, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Loxosceles venom diffuses from the envenomation site. The extent of dermal inflammation mirrors the extent of Loxosceles venom diffusion. This observation implies that the venom itself defines the extent and magnitude of tissue injury following Loxosceles envenomation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74825/1/j.1553-2712.2001.tb02107.x.pd

Operational Field Trial of a Retrofitted Fence to Mitigate Deer-Vehicle Collisions

Deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) are a safety hazard and a significant financial burden for motorists. Ungulate-proof fencing used in combination with safe crossing structures have proven to be effective at mitigating DVCs. Although a 2.4-m fence has been the standard for ungulate-proof fencing, a 1.2-m fence with a 0.6-m outrigger angled at 45o away from the road and strung with high tensile wire may be a more cost-effective barrier. This design has the additional benefit of working as a one-way barrier, allowing deer to escape the highway if they should become trapped within the fenced right-of-way (ROW). The objective of this study is to retrofit a 1.2-m highway ROW fence with the aforementioned outrigger design to determine cost effectiveness and fence efficacy. Using a before-and-after design this study will compare spatial movements of GPS-collared deer, animal use of safe crossing structures, and breeding season DVCs. Detailed records of fence construction and maintenance costs will also be recorded to determine financial feasibility of retrofitting other existing 1.2-m ROW fences with the outrigger design