Northern European retired residents in nine southern European areas: characteristics, motivations and adjustment

During the last two decades, northern European retirement residence in the southern European sunbelt has grown strongly and its forms have rapidly changed, but standard demographic and social statistical sources provide no information about the flows, the migrants or their increasingly mobile and complex residential patterns. Considerable primary research has however recently been undertaken into the causes, conditions, experiences and consequences of international retirement migration (IRM) by investigators from Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Many collaborated when designing their studies and instruments, and all have subsequently worked together in a European Science Foundation Scientific Network. This paper compares the findings of six systematic social surveys in (to be more precise than the title) eight regions of southern Europe and the Canary Islands: all that have tackled similar research questions with similar methods and instruments. It presents interpretations of several comparative tables compiled from their original data, with a focus on the socio-economic backgrounds, motivations and behaviour of the various migrant groups and their relationship with the host and home countries. The paper presents new findings about the typical and variant forms of IRM, and additional understanding of the heterogeneity of the retirees of different nations and in the several regions

Adjunctive rifampicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is a common cause of severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired infection worldwide. We tested the hypothesis that adjunctive rifampicin would reduce bacteriologically confirmed treatment failure or disease recurrence, or death, by enhancing early S aureus killing, sterilising infected foci and blood faster, and reducing risks of dissemination and metastatic infection. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults (≥18 years) with S aureus bacteraemia who had received ≤96 h of active antibiotic therapy were recruited from 29 UK hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a computer-generated sequential randomisation list to receive 2 weeks of adjunctive rifampicin (600 mg or 900 mg per day according to weight, oral or intravenous) versus identical placebo, together with standard antibiotic therapy. Randomisation was stratified by centre. Patients, investigators, and those caring for the patients were masked to group allocation. The primary outcome was time to bacteriologically confirmed treatment failure or disease recurrence, or death (all-cause), from randomisation to 12 weeks, adjudicated by an independent review committee masked to the treatment. Analysis was intention to treat. This trial was registered, number ISRCTN37666216, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Between Dec 10, 2012, and Oct 25, 2016, 758 eligible participants were randomly assigned: 370 to rifampicin and 388 to placebo. 485 (64%) participants had community-acquired S aureus infections, and 132 (17%) had nosocomial S aureus infections. 47 (6%) had meticillin-resistant infections. 301 (40%) participants had an initial deep infection focus. Standard antibiotics were given for 29 (IQR 18-45) days; 619 (82%) participants received flucloxacillin. By week 12, 62 (17%) of participants who received rifampicin versus 71 (18%) who received placebo experienced treatment failure or disease recurrence, or died (absolute risk difference -1·4%, 95% CI -7·0 to 4·3; hazard ratio 0·96, 0·68-1·35, p=0·81). From randomisation to 12 weeks, no evidence of differences in serious (p=0·17) or grade 3-4 (p=0·36) adverse events were observed; however, 63 (17%) participants in the rifampicin group versus 39 (10%) in the placebo group had antibiotic or trial drug-modifying adverse events (p=0·004), and 24 (6%) versus six (2%) had drug interactions (p=0·0005). INTERPRETATION: Adjunctive rifampicin provided no overall benefit over standard antibiotic therapy in adults with S aureus bacteraemia. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment

The development of retirement migration in Great Britain

Migration around the age of retirement is an expression of the opportunities a society gives to its retired people and to the housing and life-style aspirations held by the older population. This article discusses the proposition that two phases of old age have developed among the affluent populations of western Europe. First, a period of relative poaffluence and good health among young elderly people, and secondly, a later period of poorer health, lower income and increased dependency. The optimum locations for the two stages are described, and the effect of migrations among elderly people in redistribute the two age groups among urban and rural areas is discussed.Le développement de la migration de retraite en Grande-Bretagne. La migration à l'âge de la retraite est une expression des occasions qu'une société offre à ses retraités et aux aspirations de confort de vie de la population plus âgée. Cet article discute la proposition qu'il existe deux phases de la vieillesse en ce qui concerne les populations d'Europe occidentale. D'abord, une période de relative richesse et bonne santé pour les plus jeunes, puis une détérioration de la santé, de plus bas revenus et une dépendance accrue pour les plus vieux. L'article analyse ensuite les localisations optimales en fonction des deux stades de la vieillesse et il discute du rôle des migrations sur la redistribution des deux groupes d'âge entre zones urbaines et rurales.Warnes Anthony M. The development of retirement migration in Great Britain . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1993-3. Les migrations de personnes âgées en Europe - Migration among the elderly in Europe. pp. 451-464

The Distribution of the Elderly Population of Great Britain

The paper falls into three parts: firstly, an overview of the geography of the elderly in Northern Ireland is presented; secondly, a more detailed discussion of the position in the city of Belfast is developed; and thirdly, the paper concludes with a projection of the elderly population of Northern Ireland up to the year 201 1 . The opportunity has been taken to build on the paper published in Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly in 1982 by concentrating on change since 1971.la population âgée du Royaume-Uni et sa distribution. Sauf nouvelle baisse importante de la fécondité, le vieillissement démographique de la population britannique est presque achevé. Pendant une vingtaine d'années, il y a eu peu de changement dans la population âgée de 60 ans et plus, mais après l'an 2000, l'accroissement recommencera en raison de l'arrivée à l'âge de la retraite des cohortes nées de 1947 à 1966. Les personnes âgées habitent principalement des grandes cités, mais la distribution géographique particulière des zones où elles sont surreprésentées est précisée. Parmi ces zones figurent les régions maritimes de Grande- Bretagne, en raison des migrations de retraite des habitants des grandes concentrations urbaines.Warnes Anthony M. The Distribution of the Elderly Population of Great Britain . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-1. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing - Londres, juillet 1986. pp. 41-56

The Ageing of Britain's Population: Geographical Dimensions

The ageing of Britain's population proceeded rapidly between 1901 and 1971 but has now slowed. Even the very high rates of increase of the population aged 75 or more years are likely to moderate in the 1990s. Further increases in the elderly population will be strongly influenced by trends in late-age mortality. For the last twenty years there have been substantial improvements in mortality but these will not inevitably continue. The distribution of elderly people in Britain has altered towards a less urban and more peripheral distribution, partly as a result of the migrations undertaken by elderly people. Rapid changes in the household distribution of elderly people are taking place, with one and two person households becoming more predominant.Le vieillissement de la population en Grande-Bretagne : dimensions géographiques. Le vieillissement de la population de Grande-Bretagne s'est accru rapidement entre 1900 et 1970, mais il s'est ralenti depuis. Même les taux élevés de croissance de la population de 75 ans et plus vont sans doute diminuer dans les années 90. À l'avenir, l'accroissement de la population âgée sera affecté par le niveau de la mortalité aux âges élevés. Depuis 20 ans, la mortalité s'abaisse mais cette diminution ne continuera pas inévitablement. La répartition des personnes âgées en Grande-Bretagne a changé par diminution dans les agglomérations et augmentation dans les régions périphériques, en partie à cause des migrations de retraités. Il y a actuellement beaucoup de changements dans la composition des ménages de personnes âgées : les ménages de personnes seules et de deux personnes prédominent.Warnes Anthony M. The Ageing of Britain's Population: Geographical Dimensions . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-2. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing. pp. 317-327

Population Geography and Ageing in Britain and France Research and Applied Issues

This concluding paper reflects upon the proceedings and principal findings of the symposium, and offers a personal assessment of the implications of population ageing during the second half of the twentieth century on France and the United Kingdom. The importance of issues such as the progress of late age mortality improvement and the changing patterns of elderly people's migrations are stressed. A number of applid issues are also discussed, such as the relationship between elderly population numbers, health ratings, and health and social service demands. It is argued that the implications of population ageing are not entirely problematic or burdensome : the richness and diversity of third age lives should also be recognised and promoted.Géographie de la population et vieillissement en Grande-Bretagne et en France : recherches et problèmes d'application. Cet article de conclusion constitue une réflexion sur les travaux et les principaux résultats du symposium. Il fournit une évaluation personnelle des implications du vieillissement en France et dans le Royaume-Uni pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. L'importance de questions telles que le recul de la mortalité aux grands âges et les changements touchant aux migrations de personnes âgées sont soulignés. Un certain nombre de problèmes pratiques sont également discutés, comme les relations entre effectifs de personnes âgées, résultats en matière de santé et demande de services médico-sociaux. Il est soutenu que les conséquences du vieillissement ne sont pas toutes problématiques ou coûteuses: richesse et diversité doivent être reconnues et encouragées en ce qui concerne la vie des personnes du troisième âge.Warnes Anthony M. Population Geography and Ageing in Britain and France Research and Applied Issues . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-1. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing - Londres, juillet 1986. pp. 291-300

Cause-Specific Late-Age Mortality Rates as Indicators for Public Health Priorities

Weighted mean estimates of age, sex and cause-specific death rates for the elderly population of 20 European countries in 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 are presented. Death rates at ages 60-64, 70-74 and 80-84 years from 1960 to 1990 are examined. All-cause rates fell by around 20% for males and 25% for females. For the older groups, improvement accelerated, but for 60-64 years slowed during the 1980s. The principal declines were in stroke, 'other' and cardiovascular deaths. Cancer death rates rose among males but hardly changed among females. Switzerland had most improvement and there were strong declines in France, Austria and Finland. Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria had the highest rates, which increased for males. There were low 1980s declines in female rates in Denmark, The Netherlands and Norway. They show that mortality from stroke has been declining relatively and absolutely, that mortality from cardiovascular disorders has recently begun to decline, but that cancer deaths have begun a sharp increase. As comparisons with Switzerland show, there is still considerable avoidable mortality among older people in most European countries. The wider use of Relative Death Rates would be valuable indicators for public health priorities.Les taux de mortalité par causes spécifiques aux grands âges : des indicateurs de priorité pour la santé publique. L'article présente les taux moyens pondérés de mortalité par âge, sexe et cause de décès de la population âgée de 20 pays européens en 1960, 1970, 1980 et 1990, notamment les taux des 60-64, 70-74 et 80-84 ans. Pour toutes causes confondues, ces taux ont chuté d'environ 20 % pour les hommes et 25 % pour les femmes. Pour les groupes les plus âgés, l'évolution a été très rapide, mais elle a été beaucoup plus lente pour les 60-64 ans. Le recul a surtout été manifeste pour les décès attribués aux "autres causes" et aux maladies cardiovasculaires. La mortalité par cancer, par contre, n'a diminué que pour les femmes. C'est en Suisse qu'on a observé le maximum de progrès, mais ceux-ci ont également été importants en France, Autriche et Finlande. À l'opposé la Hongrie, la Pologne, la Tchécoslovaquie et la Bulgarie ont les taux de mortalité les plus élevés et en augmentation pour le sexe masculin. Les taux féminins ont lentement diminué pendant la décennie 80 au Danemark, aux Pays-Bas et en Norvège. Leur évolution indique que la mortalité par attaques a décliné de manière relative et absolue, que la mortalité par troubles cardiovasculaires a commencé récemment à régresser. La mortalité par cancers a par contre nettement augmenté. La comparaison avec la Suisse montre que la mortalité des personnes très âgées peut encore se modifier profondément dans la plupart des pays européens. Les taux relatifs de mortalité pourraient être davantage utilisés dans la définition des priorités de santé publique.Warnes Anthony M. Cause-Specific Late-Age Mortality Rates as Indicators for Public Health Priorities. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2000-3. Le vieillissement dans le monde. pp. 437-450

Avant propos - Foreword

Noin Daniel, Warnes Anthony M. Avant propos - Foreword. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-1. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing - Londres, juillet 1986. pp. 5-8

Avant propos - Foreword

Noin Daniel, Warnes Anthony M. Avant propos - Foreword. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-1. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing - Londres, juillet 1986. pp. 5-8