The Effects of Voluntary Physical Exercise on Hedonic Drive and Hypothalamic Orexin in CD-1 Mice

Orexin, also referred to as hypocretin, is a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates many physiological and behavioral processes, including sleep, wakefulness, metabolism, thermoregulation, and reward (Chieffi et al., 2017). The multiple mechanisms of orexin stem from the neural circuit or nucleus where it is synthesized or released. Orexin produced in the perifornical and dorsomedial hypothalamus projects to the amygdala, and is most heavily associated with arousal and wakefulness, whereas orexin produced in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) projects to the mesolimbic pathway and is associated with hedonic behavior, as it influences the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and the Nucleus Accumbens (Harris and Aston-Jones, 2006). Orexin influences affective disorders, including anxiety, sleep disorders, and drug addiction. In the last couple of decades, researchers have also identified a critical link between orexin and drug-seeking behavior. While a link between addictive behavior and orexin has been established (James et al., 2017), the role of orexin in modulating more naturalistic behaviors, such as physical exercise, has not yet been explored. Twenty three pair-housed outbred male mice were split into either the control or experimental group who had access to a running wheel under standard environmental conditions for a period of seven weeks. A sucrose preference test of hedonic drive was performed, as well as the conditioned place preference test of hedonic drive using female urine-soaked bedding as a rewarding non-caloric stimulus. Following behavioral testing, mice were sacrificed and the lateral hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens were isolated for RNA extraction in preparation for Taqman qPCR; blood plasma samples were also analyzed in a corticosterone ELISA assay. While there were no significant differences among control and experimental groups in behavioral testing, the physiological data we procure in the last week of classes could dictate whether voluntary physical exercise modulates hypothalamic orexin concentrations in CD1 mice

Baptist Blunders and J. N. Hall And His Fridays In A Muddle

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1084/thumbnail.jp

Baptist Blunders: Fourth Edition

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1402/thumbnail.jp

Savannah Biographies Images of Christ Church

Images of Christ Church and the Hoffman Familyhttps://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/sav-bios-lane/1234/thumbnail.jp

Effects of daminozide and ethephon on maturity of Red Delicious and Rome apples in Tennessee

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazine daminozide was applied at 0, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm to \u27Redchief Red Delicious\u27 apple trees in 1981; and in 1982 at 0, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm to \u27NuRed Rome\u27 apple trees. About two weeks before normal harvest, daminozide treated trees were sprayed with 0 to 300 ppm of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) as an ethylene source and 10 ppm of sodium 1 naphthalene acetate (Fruitone N), a synthetic auxin. The fruit samples were evaluated to determine treatment effects on maturity and quality. In 1981, fruits harvested at time of ethephon treatment and for six weeks thereafter revealed that ethephon applied to fruit previously treated with daminozide increased soluble solids and percent red color. Daminozide, alone, reduced endogenous ethylene formation, and increased fruit firmness. Soluble solids were reduced as a result of daminozide applied at 1000 ppm or greater; however, with an application of ethephon, soluble solids were equal to that of the control fruit. In 1982, fruit samples were harvested at time of ethephon treatment and for five weeks thereafter. Ethephon applied on fruit from trees previously treated with daminozide increased soluble solids and red color development, as observed by the Hunter color difference meter a, a/b. and tan-1 a/b values. Ethephon de creased firmness and weight on these fruits previously treated with daminozide. All daminozide treatments increased fruit firmness. Soluble solids were reduced from an application of daminozide at 2000 ppm. In 1982, the ethephon application overcame the increased fruit firmness imparted by the 1000 and 1500 ppm daminozide treatments

Dolley Madison and Anecdotes in Early Twentieth Century Textbooks

On August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812, British troops were quickly advancing upon the American capital, Washington City. Inside of the Executive Mansion, First Lady, Dolley Madison, was gathering items to be rescued in the event that the British troops should advance into the capital. Following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg, American General John Armstrong ordered a retreat of his troops, resulting in the final exodus of Washington City. As she was leaving the Executive Mansion, Dolley Madison decided the Gilbert Stuart portrait of General George Washington also needed to be saved, and according to letters she wrote, ordered it removed and passed to two New Yorkers who had stopped to offer their assistance. This removal of the portrait resulted in an anecdote, a short story portraying idealistic behavior, that has been published in numerous forms throughout the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. It was a narrative spread by Dolley in the months following the burning of Washington, a narrative corrected by Paul Jennings, one of the slaves present in the Executive Mansion at the time the portrait was removed, and a narrative published in textbooks. Each of these narratives will be analyzed comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences, as well as the motives of each publication

Methodist Dynamite Exploded, Third Edition

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1610/thumbnail.jp

Some Baptist Blunders Third Edition

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1426/thumbnail.jp