Thiamethoxam toxicity: a review in one-health perspective

Extensive and frequent use of pesticides has induced numerous abnormalities in target and non-target exposed organisms. Among different various pesticides, neonicotinoids are extensively employed in agro-production sectors. Thiamethoxam (TMX) plays an essential role in keeping the crop safe from insect attack, but on the other hand, it has been reported to induce adverse effects in both humans and animals. Previously, it was thought that neonicotinoids have low toxicity potential in mammals, but widespread use has made it evident that these pesticides have serious toxic effects on both invertebrates and vertebrates. Extensive applications of pesticides also pose serious eco-toxicological threats to aquatic and terrestrial organisms in the ecosystem. This review describes the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, and toxic effects of various TMX on living organisms. Moreover, this review summarizes the excretion/deposition of TMX in different tissues along with potentially adverse effects on production potential, immunity, blood parameters, and male/female reproductive systems. Though the pros of TMX surpass the cons, its reported intrinsic toxicity stresses the need to develop new pesticides that have high potency with little harm to humans and animals. Hence, there is a need for hours to address knowledge gaps related to TMX and design effective rational usage of TMX strategies to keep the ecosystem safe from the potentially harmful effects of TMX

Understanding the role of metal supported on TiO2 in photoreforming of oxygenates

To achieve net-zero targets regarding GHG emissions by 2050, the identification of sustainable energy vectors is critical. In this context, photoreforming presents a potential candidate for recycling and transforming widely available biomass-derived wastes into clean hydrogen fuel, such as crude glycerol from biodiesel and a potential future H2 production opportunity from bioethanol. Many years of work has proved that TiO2 is an excellent material for photoreforming of organics due to its stability, availability, and environmentally friendly characteristics as compared to other semiconductors. However, photoreforming faces several obstacles, including the comparatively low hydrogen generation under Sun-equivalent light sources and the need of expensive noble metals. Efforts have been made in several directions, such as extending light absorption by TiO2 to the visible range, reducing the recombination rate of charge carriers, and preventing back reactions. To overcome these challenges, many methods have been proposed, such as controlling the phase and morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles, decoration with various metal co-catalysts, doping with metal and non-metal ions, plasmonic enhancement, and preparation of composite systems. Although each approach has its own merits, metal loading has proven to be the most effective among them all. This review provides a deep insight into the underlying role of metal towards the enhancement of TiO2 catalytic activity, focusing on the findings of recent published work. We discuss in detail the effect of various metals on TiO2 electronic structure, preparation methods, role in light absorption (surface Plasmon resonance) and chemical changes during various photoreforming steps. Following this we extend our discussion to dye sensitized systems and catalyst testing benchmarking. At the end of the review, we provide possible future research directions to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 based photocatalysts for photoreforming

Isolation and Study of Cellular Components of Aerobacillus Polymyxa along with Its Comparison in Soil Layers

Objectives: The main objective of this research was to isolate and to study the cell morphology and biochemical reactions of Aerobacillus polymyxa and Bacillus megaterium along with its habitat either in deep soil or aerobic soil. Background: AeroBacillus is from the family of PaneBacillus polymxa and Bacillus megaterium belongs from “Bacillaceae†family. These two organisms are gram positive, non-pathogenic bacteria found in soil that helps in nitrogen fixation. They both are equally important today but the main aim of this research to isolate them from the soil due to the characteristic importance of A. polymyxa to produce antibiotic and helps to remove biofilm formation where as B. megaterium is a good a source of producing industrial proteins due to its larger size than any other organisms. Methodology: Total16 samples were collected from aerobic & anaerobic soil, water and milk. The soil samples were cultured on TGB media and NA for four days. Results: Out of 16 samples 9 samples have shown positive results for the colonies of A. polymyxa and out of 16 samples 12 samples showed positive results for B. megaterium further confirmed by biochemical reactions

Meta-analysis evaluating risk of hyperkalemia stratified by baseline MRA usage in patients with heart failure receiving SGLT2 inhibitors

Background: Both mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have demonstrated beneficial reductions in cardiovascular outcomes. However, the risk of precipitating hyperkalemia with their concomitant usage remains unclear. Methods: MEDLINE and Cochrane were searched from inception through March 2022. Randomized controlled trials on patients with heart failure (HF) evaluating the effect of SGLT2is on clinical outcomes between MRA users and non-users were considered for inclusion. Outcomes of interest were mild and moderate/severe hyperkalemia, for which hazard ratios (HR) were pooled using a random effects model. Results: From the 972 articles retrieved from the initial search, three RCTs (n = 14,462 patients) were included in our meta-analysis. Pooled analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the incidence of mild hyperkalemia between MRA users (HR 0.82 [0.70-0.97]) and non-users (HR 0.95 [0.77-1.17]) (P-interaction = 0.28). The risk of severe hyperkalemia was significantly decreased in MRA users (HR 0.59 [0.44-0.78]; p = 0.0002; I2 = 0%) but not in non-users (HR 0.76 [0.56-1.02]; p = 0.07; I2 = 0%) (P-interaction = 0.22). Sensitivity analysis including patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) revealed similar results across all subgroups, but no significant reduction in the incidence of mild hyperkalemia (HR 0.89 [0.76-1.04] was noted in MRA users with HFrEF. Conclusion: MRAs reduced the risk of mild or moderate/severe hyperkalemia, when added to SGLT2is. Future clinical trials should target scrupulous assessment of the risk of mild and moderate/severe hyperkalemia when used concomitantly with MRA

Priming with caffeic acid enhances the potential and survival ability of human adipose-derived stem cells to counteract hypoxia

The therapeutic effectiveness of stem cells after transplantation is hampered by the hypoxic milieu of chronic wounds. Prior research has established antioxidant priming as a thorough plan to improve stem cell performance. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how caffeic acid (CA) priming affected the ability of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) to function under hypoxic stress. In order to study the cytoprotective properties of CA, hASCs were primed with CA in CoCl2 hypoxic conditions. Microscopy was used to assess cell morphology, while XTT, Trypan Blue, X-gal, LDH, Live Dead, scratch wound healing, and ROS assays were used to analyze viability, senescence, cell death, proliferation, and reactive oxygen species prevalence in the cells. According to our findings, CA priming enhances hASCs' ability to survive and regenerate in a hypoxic microenvironment more effectively than untreated hASCs. Our in-vitro research suggested that pre-treatment with CA of hASCs could be a unique way to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and ability to survive in hypoxic microenvironments