A Study of the Joint Patterns in Gently Dipping Sedimentary Rocks of South-Central Kansas

The two most prominent joint sets in Butler and Cowley counties and in parts of Greenwood, Chase and Marion counties, Kans., have consistent regional orientation regardless of the age of the rocks containing them. Set I strikes northeast, whereas Set II strikes northwest. The angle between the sets averages 93°. Both sets occur either as single or compound groups. Set III joints cluster around the two major sets and are subordinate in number with less consistent orientation. Most of the joints studied are vertical. On the basis of physical characteristics, joints of Sets I and II are shear joints, whereas Set III joints are tension joints. The joints are believed to have formed after the major development of the anticlinal folds in the region but may have developed simultaneously with later readjustments of the folds. The joints show no relation to subsurface faults but are closely aligned with the "en echelon" belt of faults of Oklahoma. Because most joints are vertical to the bedding, the jointing and regional tilting may be contemporaneous products of the same deformational period. The age of the joints is determined to be between post-lower Permian and pre-lower Cretaceous time. The joints may have formed as a result of north-West, horizontal, compressive forces generated by wrench-fault tectonics during initial Ouachita Mountain uplift. These forces were coupled with an opposite force, possibly from the Rocky Mountain region. Evidence shows that at least two separate but inter-related joint systems may exist in the midcontinent region

A Study of the Joint Patterns in Gently Dipping Sedimentary Rocks of South-Central Kansas

The two most prominent joint sets in Butler and Cowley counties and in parts of Greenwood, Chase and Marion counties, Kans., have consistent regional orientation regardless of the age of the rocks containing them. Set I strikes northeast, whereas Set II strikes northwest. The angle between the sets averages 93°. Both sets occur either as single or compound groups. Set III joints cluster around the two major sets and are subordinate in number with less consistent orientation. Most of the joints studied are vertical. On the basis of physical characteristics, joints of Sets I and II are shear joints, whereas Set III joints are tension joints. The joints are believed to have formed after the major development of the anticlinal folds in the region but may have developed simultaneously with later readjustments of the folds. The joints show no relation to subsurface faults but are closely aligned with the "en echelon" belt of faults of Oklahoma. Because most joints are vertical to the bedding, the jointing and regional tilting may be contemporaneous products of the same deformational period. The age of the joints is determined to be between post-lower Permian and pre-lower Cretaceous time. The joints may have formed as a result of north-West, horizontal, compressive forces generated by wrench-fault tectonics during initial Ouachita Mountain uplift. These forces were coupled with an opposite force, possibly from the Rocky Mountain region. Evidence shows that at least two separate but inter-related joint systems may exist in the midcontinent region

Exploring the Cost Effectiveness of Land Conservation Auctions and Payment Policies

Until recently public efforts to encourage conservation on private land in many countries has primarily been through uniform payment policies. Auctions are increasingly used as a payment mechanism to acquire public benefits such as conservation actions that provide environmental improvements on private land (e.g. the US Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The economic rationale for use of auctions is that they create decentralised incentives to offer bids at close to the true landholder opportunity costs, even when the implementing agency holds little information about these opportunity costs. This paper assesses the cost of a case study auction relative to four payment policies that use varying levels of information strategically to reduce rent payment and to prioritise funding based on environmental value. The results suggest that the estimated cost savings achievable with the discriminant price auction for conservation contracts depends on the policy to which the auction outcomes are compared. Auction cost savings are likely to be greatest when compared to policy alternatives involving little effort to discriminate amongst offers based on differences in landholder opportunity costs. A further key finding is that, for this case study, most of the savings resulting from the discriminant price auction could be attributed to the use of the environmental benefits index in project ranking and selection.Land Economics/Use,

W49A North - Global or Local or No Collapse?

We attempt to fit observations with 5" resolution of the J=2-1 transition of CS in the directions of H II regions A, B, and G of W49A North as well as observations with 20" resolution of the J=2-1, 3-2, 5-4, and 7-6 transitions in the directions of H II regions A and G by using radiative transfer calculations. These calculations predict the intensity profiles resulting from several spherical clouds along the line of sight. We consider three models: global collapse of a very large (5 pc radius) cloud, localized collapse from smaller (1 pc) clouds around individual H II regions, and multiple, static clouds. For all three models we can find combinations of parameters that reproduce the CS profiles reasonably well provided that the component clouds have a core-envelope structure with a temperature gradient. Cores with high temperature and high molecular hydrogen density are needed to match the higher transitions (e.g. J=7-6) observed towards A and G. The lower temperature, low density gas needed to create the inverse P-Cygni profile seen in the CS J=2-1 line (with 5" beam) towards H II region G arises from different components in the 3 models. The infalling envelope of cloud G plus cloud B creates the absorption in global collapse, cloud B is responsible in local collapse, and a separate cloud, G', is needed in the case of many static clouds. The exact nature of the velocity field in the envelopes for the case of local collapse is not important as long as it is in the range of 1 to 5 km/s for a turbulent velocity of about 6 km/s. High resolution observations of the J=1-0 and 5-4 transitions of CS and C34S may distinguish between these three models. Modeling existing observations of HCO+ and C18O does not allow one to distinguish between the three models but does indicate the existence of a bipolar outflow.Comment: 42 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication in the ApJS August 2004, v153 issu

Evolution of Electrogenic Ammonium Transporters (AMTs)

The ammonium transporter gene family consists of three main clades, AMT, MEP, and Rh. The evolutionary history of the AMT/MEP/Rh gene family is characterized by multiple horizontal gene transfer events, gene family expansion and contraction, and gene loss; thus the gene tree for this family of transporters is unlike the organismal tree. The genomes of angiosperms contain genes for both electrogenic and electroneutral ammonium transporters, but it is not clear how far back in the land plant lineage electrogenic ammonium transporters occur. Here, we place Marchantia polymorpha ammonium transporters in the AMT/MEP/Rh phylogeny and we show that AMTs from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha are electrogenic. This information suggests that electrogenic ammonium transport evolved at least as early as the divergence of bryophytes in the land plant lineage

Geology and Hydrology of Rice County, Central Kansas

Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age and younger underlie Rice County to a depth ranging from 3,700 to 4,100 feet. The oldest formations that crop out are the Ninnescah Shale, Stone Corral Formation, and the Harper Sandstone of Early Permian age. These formations are unconformably overlain by rocks of Cretaceous age consisting of the Cheyenne Sandstone, Kiowa Formation, and Dakota Formation. Deposits of Pleistocene age that mantle most of the county are principally eolian sediments on the uplands and fluvial sediments in the valleys. The principal aquifer is in the Pleistocene fluvial deposits where yields to irrigation wells of 1,000 gpm (gallons per minute) are common and, locally, yields may be as much as 2,000 gpm. Sandstone aquifers in the Kiowa and Dakota Formations commonly yield an adequate supply of water for domestic and stock wells, and may yield as much as 150 gpm. The chemical quality of water in the Pleistocene deposits is a calcium bicarbonate type and is very hard. Water in the sandstone also is a calcium bicarbonate type where the overlying Pleistocene aquifer is in hydraulic connection. If an appreciable thickness of shale separates the aquifers, the water in the sandstone may be a sodium bicarbonate type, Highly mineralized water from formations below the Kiowa may occur at shallow depths as a result of local contamination by oil-field brines or industrial wastes. The principal mineral resource in 1969 was petroleum produced from 76 oil fields and 19 gas fields. Salt deposits ranging in thickness from 200 to 400 feet are a potential resource that have been utilized to a minor extent

After Regions: what next for local enterprise partnerships?

Standing out as an oddity in comparison to the convergence of policy across EU nations whereby the merits of regional apparatus – however defined – for administering development support appear to be accepted, the UK Government has abandoned England’s experiment with regionalism. Under the banner of localism, providing the thinnest of masks for swingeing public expenditure cuts, sub-national development activity (encompassing planning, regeneration, infrastructure development, enterprise support and spatial leadership) is in the throes of considerable economic shifts, policy flux and institutional upheaval (Ward & Hardy, 2012). This article attempts to address some of the questions posed in The regional lacuna: a preliminary map of the transition from Regional Development Agencies to Local Economic Partnerships (Pugalis, 2011) and helps to advance some of the points relating to the emerging sub-national development landscape published in recent issues of Regions (e.g. Bailey, 2011). The purpose is to take stock of policy developments underway by means of a post-regional sub-national review in order to outline the future development trajectory of Local Enterprise Partnerships

Type I singularities and the Phantom Menace

We consider the future dynamics of a transient phantom dominated phase of the universe in LQC and in the RS braneworld, which both have a non-standard Friedmann equation. We find that for a certain class of potentials, the Hubble parameter oscillates with simple harmonic motion in the LQC case and therefore avoids any future singularity. For more general potentials we find that damping effects eventually lead to the Hubble parameter becoming constant. On the other hand in the braneworld case we find that although the type I singularity can be avoided, the scale factor still diverges at late times.Comment: More references added. Final PRD versio