Inflation and Alternatives with Blue Tensor Spectra

We study the tilt of the primordial gravitational waves spectrum. A hint of blue tilt is shown from analyzing the BICEP2 and POLARBEAR data. Motivated by this, we explore the possibilities of blue tensor spectra from the very early universe cosmology models, including null energy condition violating inflation, inflation with general initial conditions, and string gas cosmology, etc. For the simplest G-inflation, blue tensor spectrum also implies blue scalar spectrum. In general, the inflation models with blue tensor spectra indicate large non-Gaussianities. On the other hand, string gas cosmology predicts blue tensor spectrum with highly Gaussian fluctuations. If further experiments do confirm the blue tensor spectrum, non-Gaussianity becomes a distinguishing test between inflation and alternatives.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. v2: references and minor improvements added. v3: version to appear on JCA

Inflationary NonGaussianity from Thermal Fluctuations

We calculate the contribution of the fluctuations with the thermal origin to the inflationary nonGaussianity. We find that even a small component of radiation can lead to a large nonGaussianity. We show that this thermal nonGaussianity always has positive $f_{\rm NL}$. We illustrate our result in the chain inflation model and the very weakly dissipative warm inflation model. We show that $f_{NL}\sim {\cal O}(1)$ is general in such models. If we allow modified equation of state, or some decoupling effects, the large thermal nonGaussianity of order $f_{\rm NL}>5$ or even $f_{\rm NL}\sim 100$ can be produced. We also show that the power spectrum of chain inflation should have a thermal origin. In the Appendix A, we made a clarification on the different conventions used in the literature related to the calculation of $f_{\rm NL}$.Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure. v2, v3: references and acknowledgments update

Generalized Space-time Noncommutative Inflation

We study the noncommutative inflation with a time-dependent noncommutativity between space and time. From the numerical analysis of power law inflation, there are clues that the CMB spectrum indicates a nonconstant noncommutative inflation. Then we extend our treatment to the inflation models with more general noncommutativity and find that the scalar perturbation power spectrum depends sensitively on the time varying of the spacetime noncommutativity. This stringy effect may be probed in the future cosmological observations.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

A two-stage video coding framework with both self-adaptive redundant dictionary and adaptively orthonormalized DCT basis

In this work, we propose a two-stage video coding framework, as an extension of our previous one-stage framework in [1]. The two-stage frameworks consists two different dictionaries. Specifically, the first stage directly finds the sparse representation of a block with a self-adaptive dictionary consisting of all possible inter-prediction candidates by solving an L0-norm minimization problem using an improved orthogonal matching pursuit with embedded orthonormalization (eOMP) algorithm, and the second stage codes the residual using DCT dictionary adaptively orthonormalized to the subspace spanned by the first stage atoms. The transition of the first stage and the second stage is determined based on both stages' quantization stepsizes and a threshold. We further propose a complete context adaptive entropy coder to efficiently code the locations and the coefficients of chosen first stage atoms. Simulation results show that the proposed coder significantly improves the RD performance over our previous one-stage coder. More importantly, the two-stage coder, using a fixed block size and inter-prediction only, outperforms the H.264 coder (x264) and is competitive with the HEVC reference coder (HM) over a large rate range

Effect of Bushen Jiangu decoction on ovariectomyinduced osteoporosis in rats

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of Bushen Jiangu Decoction (BJD) on osteoporosis (OS) in rats.Methods: The animals were divided into the following groups: control group, rats received no treatment; ovariectomy (OVX) group, rats subjected to OVX surgery and were treated with normal saline; OVX + Fosamax group, rats that received OVX and were treated with 2 mg/kg/week of Fosamax; low-dose BJD (40 mg/kg/day), medium-dose BJD (80 mg/kg/day) and high-dose BJD (160 mg/kg/day) groups, where rats received OVX surgery with BJD doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg/day, respectively. At four weeks after treatment with OVX, Fosamax or BJD was orally administered for four months. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed, while serum hormone, serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), osteocalcin (OC) and telopeptides of collagen type I (CTx) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The results demonstrated that the reduced BMDs of L4 femurs and vertebrae were inhibited by BJD. Furthermore, BJD significantly elevated the serum levels of FSH, E2 and LH in OS rats. Furthermore, the serum CTx, ALP and OC levels of these rats dramatically decreased, when compared to the OVX group.Conclusion: These findings suggest that BJD can improve OVX-induced OS.Keywords: Bushen Jiangu decoction, Osteoporosis, Bone mineral density, Serum biochemistr

Manufacture’s Optimal Pricing Policy and Retailer’s Optimal Ordering Policy Under Different Carbon Emission Policies

The implementation of carbon reduction policy is an important method for the firms to reduce carbon emissions. So it is of great significance to research on the firms’s trategies under different carbon reduction policies. In this paper, we study the manufacturer’s wholesale price strategy and the retailer’s ordering strategy, as well as carbon emissions policy’s impact on the production and profit, under mandatory carbon emissions capacity policy, carbon emissions tax policy and cap-and-trade policy respectively. In addition, the government’s decision-making about carbon emissions policy parameters is also discussed. The conclusion builds a microeconomic foundation for the carbon emissions policy’s design and development, and also verified the policy’s effectiveness and scientificity, at last achieved the “win-win” ofthe government and enterprises

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS ECHINODERMATA DI PERAIRAN PANTAI GAPANG, DESA IBOIH, KECAMATAN SUKAKARYA, SABANG

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