Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Benzoxazinones from <i>N</i>‑(<i>o</i>‑Bromoaryl)amides Using Paraformaldehyde as the Carbonyl Source

Carbonylation reactions have been widely used in organic synthesis. However, the manipulation of toxic and pressurized carbon monoxide limited their applications in organic laboratories. The search for alternative carbonyl sources as an important method for carbonylative organic synthesis is spreading. Herein, a series of substituted benzoxazinones were synthesized from <i>N</i>-(<i>o</i>-bromoaryl)­amides by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation with paraformaldehyde as the carbonyl source, which is inexpensive, stable, and easy to use. Notably, this is the first example of using paraformaldehyde as the CO source in palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of heterocycles

N₂ Extrusion and CO Insertion: A Novel Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Transformation of Aryltriazenes

A novel procedure for the replacement of N₂ with CO of aryltriazenes has been developed. Aryltriazenes were converted to the corresponding arylamides catalyzed by 1 mol % of PdCl₂/P­(<i>o</i>-Tol)₃ under CO pressure. In this process, aryldiazonium salts were generated in the presence of 40 mol % of MeSO₃H. Nitrogen was released from the substrates and CO formally inserted. Aryl bromides, iodides, alkynes, and free hydroxyl groups can be tolerated in this transformation

Diastereo- and Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‑Amido-β-keto Phosphonates via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

Dynamic kinetic resolution of various α-amido-β-keto phosphonates via asymmetric hydrogenation proceeded efficiently to give the corresponding β-hydroxy-α-amido phosphonates in high diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 99:1 syn/anti, 99.8% ee). The addition of catalytic amounts of CeCl₃·7H₂O is necessary to achieve both good selectivity and catalytic efficiency under mild reaction conditions

Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‑Ketophosphonates with Chiral Ru(II) Catalysts

Highly effective asymmetric hydrogenation of β-ketophosphonates in the presence of Ru–(<i>S</i>)-SunPhos as catalyst was realized; good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.9% ee) and excellent diastereoselectivities (96:4) were obtained

Enantioselective Ruthenium(II)/Xyl-SunPhos/Daipen-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of γ‑Ketoamides

A series of γ-hydroxy amides were synthesized with high enantioselectivities (up to 99%) using asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding γ-ketoamides in the presence of Ru-Xyl-SunPhos-Daipen catalyst providing key building blocks for a variety of naturally occurring and biologically active compounds

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Aryl-Pyridyl Ketones

Various substituted aryl-pyridyl ketones were hydrogenated in the presence of Ru-XylSunPhos-Daipen bifunctional catalytic system with enantiomeric excesses up to 99.5%. Upon introduction of a readily removable <i>ortho</i>-bromo atom to the phenyl ring, enantiomerically enriched 4-chlorophenylpyridylmethanol was obtained by hydrogenation method with 97.3% ee, which provided an important chiral intermediate for some histamine H₁ antagonists

DataSheet_1_Unraveling the mechanism of ethyl acetate extract from Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan root in treating pulmonary fibrosis: insights from bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.docx

IntroductionPulmonary fibrosis is a terminal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory damage, and tissue structure destruction. The pathogenesis of this disease, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains unknown. Macrophages play major roles in organ fibrosis diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. The phenotype and polarization of macrophages are closely associated with pulmonary fibrosis. A new direction in research on anti-pulmonary fibrosis is focused on developing drugs that maintain the stability of the pulmonary microenvironment.MethodsWe obtained gene sequencing data and clinical information for patients with IPF from the GEO datasets GSE110147, GSE15197, GSE24988, GSE31934, GSE32537, GSE35145, GSE53845, GSE49072, GSE70864, and GSE90010. We performed GO, KEGG enrichment analysis and GSEA analysis, and conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In addition, we performed proteomic analysis of mouse lung tissue. To verify the results of bioinformatics analysis and proteomic analysis, mice were induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM), and gavaged for 14 days after modeling. Respiratory function of mice in different groups was measured. Lung tissues were retained for histopathological examination, Western Blot and real-time quantitative PCR, etc. In addition, lipopolysaccharide, interferon-γ and interleukin-4 were used to induce RAW264.7 cells for 12h in vitro to establish macrophage inflammation and polarization model. At the same time, HG2 intervention was given. The phenotype transformation and cytokine secretion of macrophages were investigated by Western Blot, RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, etc.ResultsThrough bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, we confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF. The analysis revealed that macrophage polarization in IPF involves a change in the phenotypic spectrum. Furthermore, experiments demonstrated high expression of M2-type macrophage-associated biomarkers and inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus indicating an imbalance in M1/M2 polarization of pulmonary macrophages in mice with pulmonary fibrosis.DiscussionOur investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate extract (HG2) obtained from the roots of Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan exhibits therapeutic efficacy against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. HG2 modulates macrophage polarization, alterations in the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and downstream protein expression in the context of pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of our findings, we believe that HG2 has potential as a novel traditional Chinese medicine component for treating pulmonary fibrosis.</p