DNA Isolation and Optimization of ISSR-PCR Reaction System in Oryza sativa L.

Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been utilized widely for molecular markers in analyzing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic and regions in the genome flanked by microsatellite sequences. PCR amplification of these regions using a single primer yields multiple amplification products that can be used as a dominant multilocus marker system for the study of genetic variation in various organisms. For this study provides, DNA isolation, adjusting in six factors (Buffer, MgCl2, dNTPs, ISSR primers, Template DNA and Taq polymerase) at six levels, and optimization of PCR temperature for the ISSR reaction was 60-45 °C, primers screening on indica rice (Oryza sativa). In this research, simple method of DNA isolation by using seedling. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the optimizations and quantification. Has been shown that stalk enhanced the maximum value of genomic. The results show that 100 ISSR primers were examined as well as, 56 ISSR primers was productively amplified. Optimum components for PCR reactions were 5.0 μl of 5X PCR Buffer, 1.5 μl of 25mM MgCl2, 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP, 1 μl of 10 Μm ISSR primers, 2 μl Template DNA, and 0.1 μl of 5 units/ml Taq polymerase. Based on this study, has brought out some information on the relationship between these ISSR primers will be applied further for molecular profiling as well as response evaluation in rice varietie

Hydrogen production from catalytic formic acid ecomposition over Zn based catalysts under room temperature

The depletion of petroleum sources and global warming issues has increased awareness among scientists to produce alternative energy other than the one that we always depend on, which is petroleum. Hydrogen (H2) energy is one of the alternatives that was promising as an efficient and green fuel. Meanwhile, formic acid has been detected as one of the convenient H2 source/storage material. Here, we introduce two heterogeneous catalysts for H2 generation from formic acid. Fe0.1 Zn0.9 and Fe0.5 Zn0.5 were synthesized by a modified microwave method. In this study, we report the result of a detailed study undertaken to investigate the decomposition of formic acid to H2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) using gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD). The catalyst used to decompose the formic acid was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine their physicochemical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also used to determine the surface morphology and the structure of the synthesized catalysts. The result suggested that in the dehydrogenation reaction, 90-96% of H2 was selectively produced from the formic acid with the presence of FeZn catalyst. For Fe0.1Zn0.9 catalyst, FESEM micrograph shows the particle was well dispersed, existing both away from and close proximity to 50-70 nm in size. Both heterogeneous catalysts are able to produce H2 from formic acid at room temperatures (30°C) with no additives added and with high selectivity

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under UV Light Irradiation on Prepared Carbonaceous TiO

This study involves the investigation of altering the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 using composite materials. Three different forms of modified TiO2, namely, TiO2/activated carbon (AC), TiO2/carbon (C), and TiO2/PANi, were compared. The TiO2/carbon composite was obtained by pyrolysis of TiO2/PANi prepared by in situ polymerization method, while the TiO2/activated carbon (TiO2/AC) was obtained after treating TiO2/carbon with 1.0 M KOH solution, followed by calcination at a temperature of 450°C. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize and evaluate the prepared samples. The specific surface area was determined to be in the following order: TiO2/AC > TiO2/C > TiO2/PANi > TiO2 (179 > 134 > 54 > 9 m2 g−1). The evaluation of photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue under UV light irradiation was also of the same order, with 98 > 84.7 > 69% conversion rate, which is likely to be attributed to the porosity and synergistic effect in the prepared samples

Ultralow Sulfur Diesel and Rapeseed Methyl Ester Fuel Impact on Performance, Emitted Regulated, Unregulated, and Nanoparticle Pollutants

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. The operation of engines using rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) was tested for the combustion properties, emitted regulated, unregulated exhaust pollutants, and the size of nanoparticles. The combustion analysis showed higher apparent heat release rate and shorter ignition delay period during RME combustion than during ULSD combustion. The ULSD engine has a combustion chamber maximum pressure relatively higher than that of RME. This study showed that the heat release rate of ULSD is always higher than that of RME while more fuel consumption occurred from the combustion of biodiesel in comparison with diesel. When the engine is running on RME, HC and NOx formation increased at high loads up to 15% and 13%, respectively; meanwhile, CO concentrations reduced by 30.9% for the same conditions. Most of the particulate matter (PM) emitted from a diesel engine has a particle size from 5 to 100 nm, while the particle size from ULSD ranged from 5 to 40 nm. Overloading the engine caused a decrease in the sizes of emitted PM for both fuels. The smoke number for RME was less than that for ULSD by 33.9% at high loads. For high engine load, the cumulative concentration number for the nucleation mode decreased, while it increased for the accumulation mode. Furthermore, measurements of formaldehyde, ethane, methane, acetylene, ethylene, propylene, and isocyanic acid emissions showed the presence of these harmful substances at very low concentrations (8 ppm) for both fuels

Chemical Reduction Behavior of Zirconia Doped to Nickel at Different Temperature in Carbon Monoxide Atmosphere

The reduction behavior of nickel oxide (NiO) and zirconia (Zr) doped NiO (Zr/NiO) was investigated using temperature programmed reduction (TPR) using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reductant and then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen absorption isotherm using BET technique and FESEM-EDX. The reduction characteristics of NiO to Ni were examined up to temperature 700 °C and continued with isothermal reduction by 40 vol. % CO in nitrogen. The studies show that the TPR profile of doped NiO slightly shifts to a higher temperature as compared to the undoped NiO which begins at 387 °C and maximum at 461 °C. The interaction between ZrO2 with Ni leads to this slightly increase by 21 to 56 °C of the reduction temperature. Analysis using XRD confirmed, the increasing percentage of Zr from 5 to 15% speed up the reducibility of NiO to Ni at temperature 550 °C. At this temperature, undoped NiO and 5% Zr/NiO still show some crystallinity present of NiO, but 15% Zr/NiO shows no NiO in crystalline form. Based on the results of physical properties, the surface area for 5% Zr/NiO and 15% Zr/NiO was slightly increased from 6.6 to 16.7 m2/g compared to undoped NiO and for FESEM-EDX, the particles size also increased after doped with Zr on to NiO where 5% Zr/NiO particles were 110 ± 5 nm and 15% Zr/NiO 140 ± 2 nm. This confirmed that the addition of Zr to NiO has a remarkable chemical effect on complete reduction NiO to Ni at low reduction temperature (550 °C). This might be due to the formation of intermetallic between Zr/NiO which have new chemical and physical properties

Isocyanurate Formation During Oxazolidinone Synthesis from Epoxides and Isocyanates Catalysed by a Chromium(Salphen) Complex

Chromium(salphen) complex 10 is found to be a catalyst for the preparation of oxazolidinones from epoxides and isocyanates. Using the optimal reaction conditions (1.5 mol % of chromium(salphen) complex 10 at 80 °C in toluene for 4 hours), six epoxides were reacted with five isocyanates, providing 15 oxazolidinones in up to 90 % yield. With electron-deficient isocyanates, cyclotrimerisation of the isocyanate to the corresponding isocyanurates is a competing reaction, showing the importance of matching catalyst activity to that of the substrates

Encapsulation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol with tetraethyl orthosilicate for CO2 capture

Carbon capture is widely recognised as an essential strategy to meet global goals for climate protection. Although various CO2 capture technologies including absorption, adsorption and membrane exist, they are not yet mature for post-combustion power plants mainly due to high energy penalty. Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO2-binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents to minimize the energy consumption for carbon capture. This research aims to develop a novel and efficient approach by encapsulating sorbents to capture CO2 in a cold environment. The conventional emulsion technique was selected for the microcapsule formulation by using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) as the core sorbent and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the shell. This paper reports the findings on the formulated microcapsules including key formulation parameters, microstructure, size distribution and thermal cycling stability. Furthermore, the effects of microcapsule quality and absorption temperature on the CO2 loading capacity of the microcapsules were investigated using a self-developed pressure decay method. The preliminary results have shown that the AMP microcapsules are promising to replace conventional sorbents.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

Oxygenated Hydrocarbons from Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide

Once fundamental difficulties such as active sites and selectivity are fully resolved, metal-free catalysts such as 3D graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very cost-effective substitutes for the expensive noble metals used for catalyzing CO2. A viable method for converting environmental wastes into useful energy storage or industrial wealth, and one which also addresses the environmental and energy problems brought on by emissions of CO2, is CO2 hydrogenation into hydrocarbon compounds. The creation of catalytic compounds and knowledge about the reaction mechanisms have received considerable attention. Numerous variables affect the catalytic process, including metal–support interaction, metal particle sizes, and promoters. CO2 hydrogenation into different hydrocarbon compounds like lower olefins, alcoholic composites, long-chain hydrocarbon composites, and fuels, in addition to other categories, have been explained in previous studies. With respect to catalyst design, photocatalytic activity, and the reaction mechanism, recent advances in obtaining oxygenated hydrocarbons from CO2 processing have been made both through experiments and through density functional theory (DFT) simulations. This review highlights the progress made in the use of three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials and their compounds and methods for their synthesis in the process of hydrogenation of CO2. Recent advances in catalytic performance and the conversion mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation into hydrocarbons that have been made using both experiments and DFT simulations are also discussed. The development of 3D nanomaterials and metal catalysts supported on 3D nanomaterials is important for CO2 conversion because of their stability and the ability to continuously support the catalytic processes, in addition to the ability to reduce CO2 directly and hydrogenate it into oxygenated hydrocarbons

Comparison of different heterogeneous catalysts for the estolides synthesis from oleic acid

Different catalysts, namely various loading of perchloric acid on various supports; HClO 4/silica (SiO 2), HClO 4/silica gel (SG) and HClO 4/alumina (Al 2O 3) were tested for the direct addition reaction of oleic acid (OA) to form estolide compounds. The reactions were carried out under vacuum (2 mBar) for 10 hours at 70 °C under solvent-less conditions. LC-MS ToF of reaction products results showed chromatographic peaks for the presence of two new estolide compounds, oleic-oleic monoestolide acid (m/z 563.51, as [M-H]-), and oleic-oleic diestolide acid (m/z 845.77 [M-H]-). The optimum loading of HClO 4 for every support are 15 wt.% HClO 4/SiO 2 (SiO 215), 10 wt.% HClO 4/SG (SG10) and 35 wt.% HClO 4/Al 2O 3 (Al 2O 335). The SG10 turned out to be the best catalyst, achieving a final conversion of 97.5 % with 79.8 % selectivity to oleic-oleic monoestolide acid and 17.7 % selectivity to oleic-oleic diestolide acid. The activity and selectivity of the SG10 have been investigated and compared with homogeneous HClO 4. The optimum catalysts for every support were characterized by XPS analysis, BET, TEM and TPD-NH 3