Fiber optic wavelength division multiplexing: Principles and applications in telecommunications and spectroscopy

Design and fabrication tradeoffs of wavelength division multiplexers are discussed and performance parameters are given. The same multiplexer construction based on prism gratings has been used in spectroscopic applications, in the wavelength region from 450 to 1600 nm. For shorter wavelengths down to 200 nm, a similar instrument based on longer fibers (500 to 1000 micrometer) has been constructed and tested with both a fiber array and a photodiode detector array at the output

A planar near-field scanning technique for bistatic radar cross section measurements

A progress report on the development of a bistatic radar cross section (RCS) measurement range is presented. A technique using one parabolic reflector and a planar scanning probe antenna is analyzed. The field pattern in the test zone is computed using a spatial array of signal sources. It achieved an illumination pattern with 1 dB amplitude and 15 degree phase ripple over the target zone. The required scan plane size is found to be proportional to the size of the desired test target. Scan plane probe sample spacing can be increased beyond the Nyquist lambda/2 limit permitting constant probe sample spacing over a range of frequencies

Dispersed storage and generation case studies

Three installations utilizing separate dispersed storage and generation (DSG) technologies were investigated. Each of the systems is described in costs and control. Selected institutional and environmental issues are discussed, including life cycle costs. No unresolved technical, environmental, or institutional problems were encountered in the installations. The wind and solar photovoltaic DSG were installed for test purposes, and appear to be presently uneconomical. However, a number of factors are decreasing the cost of DSG relative to conventional alternatives, and an increased DSG penetration level may be expected in the future

The use of checks and other noncash payment instruments in the United States

Statistical estimates indicate that the use of checks in the United States has been declining since the mid-1990s, even as the population and the level of economic activity have been increasing. In contrast, the use of electronic payments has been growing at high and accelerating rates. Nonetheless, the paper check remains the predominant means of making retail payments and will likely continue to play a significant role in the U.S. payment system for the foreseeable future. The number and value of checks paid varies across depository institutions according to type, size, and location, in part a result of differences in the use of checks and electronic payments by households, businesses, and governments. Overall, household's share of total checks written has increased relative to that of businesses and governments.Payment systems ; Electronic funds transfers

Engineering calculations for communications satellite systems planning

A procedure is described that was used to calculate minimum required satellite separations based on total link carrier to interference requirements. Also summarized are recent results with a switching algorithm for satellite synthesis problems. Analytic solution value bounds for two of the satellite synthesis models studied are described. Preliminary results from an empirical study of alternate mixed integer programming models for satellite synthesis are presented. Research plans for the near future are discussed

Los orígenes del espectador de clase obrera en el deporte: Lancashire, Inglaterra, 1870-1914

This article examines the development of working-class commercial spectator sport in the English county of Lancashire, especially the areas where the cotton industry dominated in the south and east, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It argues that the growing popularity of professional Association football, coupled with similar developments in other sports, made this pioneer industrial area the location of a new kind of sporting culture, as part of the wider development of a working-class consumer society, and that this has global implications.Este artículo investiga el desarrollo de los deportes comerciales para la clase obrera en el condado inglés de Lancashire, sobre todo en los distritos dominados por las fábricas de algodón en el este y el sur, hacia fines del siglo XIX y a principios del siglo XX. Propone que la popularidad creciente del fútbol, combinado con las innovaciones parecidas en otros deportes, construyó un modelo nuevo de cultura deportiva en este distrito industrial pionero, formando parte del desarrollo más amplio de una sociedad de consumidores de la clase obrera, con consecuencias de ámbito global

Adaptive antenna arrays for satellite communications: Design and testing

When two separate antennas are used with each feedback loop to decorrelate noise, the antennas should be located such that the phase of the interfering signal in the two antennas is the same while the noise in them is uncorrelated. Thus, the antenna patterns and spatial distribution of the auxiliary antennas are quite important and should be carefully selected. The selection and spatial distribution of auxiliary elements is discussed when the main antenna is a center fed reflector antenna. It is shown that offset feeds of the reflector antenna can be used as auxiliary elements of an adaptive array to suppress weak interfering signals. An experimental system is designed to verify the theoretical analysis. The details of the experimental systems are presented

Imagining men : Charlotte M. Yonge and mid-Victorian masculinities.

This thesis studies some of the writings of Charlotte Yonge as a route into the cultural concepts of masculinity in the mid-nineteenth century. In her many best-selling publications, both fiction and non-fiction, together with her editorial control of The Monthly Packet, Yonge provided imaginary constructions of manliness for numerous mid- Victorians. Her complex domestic stories demonstrated versions of appropriate behaviour by men and considered how such constructions of manliness might be engendered within families and communities. An examination of her work in an exact historical context sheds light on the standpoints, anxieties and beliefs of significant sections of Victorian society.Yonge had many connections with the armed services. The first chapter examines both the transformation within those parts of the army with which Yonge's family was associated and the gradual shift in attitudes to the military in wider society during the 1850s. A consideration of how brothers and sons might be fashioned into soldiers provides the theme of the second chapter. Yonge's early enthusiasm as reflected in Kenneth; or the Rearguard of the Grand Army (1850) is contrasted with the doubts apparent in The Young Stepmother (1861) set at the time of the Crimean War. The unhappy military experiences ofYonge's brother Julian are used to counterpoint her fictional representations.Chapter Three explores notions of fatherhood both within the family and the community, with patriarchy viewed in a more inclusive and positive role than its usual twenty-first century interpretation. Henrietta's Wish (1850) and Hopes and fears (1860) are examined in this light. The following chapter is devoted to Yonges role in the promotion of mission work as a virile, attractive occupation for educated men, a perfect combination of valour without violence, where men must be prepared to sacrifice their lives. Finally, an account of the difficulties of Yonge' s relationships with the historian E. A. Freeman is given to illuminate the gendered assumptions interwoven into different categories of history-writing from mid-century. This chapter concludes with a brief assessment of The Little Duke (1854)