Aspects of style and design in the Missa L'homme Armé tradition c. 1450-c. 1500

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This dissertation examines L 'homme armé Masses written during c. 1450-c. 1500, focusing on two aspects, the use of phrases 3 and 4 of the melody and the choice of pitch for the deployment of the respective cantus firmi. Altogether 34 Masses are considered. Chapter 1 reviews current information about the 1'homme armé melody itself with evidence given for the different endings to phrases 3 and 4 in the sources Mellon and Casanatense. Part I examines the deployment of the two key phrases in six contexts, Chapter 2 showing how large-scale structures are erected on them, and the next revealing a consistent pattern for using phrase 4 imitatively. Sounding of the two phrases simultaneously (and at times one of the outer portions of the ternary melody against the central one) is explored in Chapter 4. The influence of the motivic make-up of the polyphony on the choice of phrase is investigated in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 deals with their manipulation for a musical portrayal of the Mass text. Part I concludes by reviewing where cadential contexts and the desire for full sonorities governs the choice of either phrase 3 or 4. Part ii examines the question of the pitch levels upon which different Masses deliver the source melody, starting with the G Mixolydian mode of the original. Settings presenting the song on G (either Mixolydian or transposedD orian) are considered the norm and are not reviewed. The exceptions are the six Naples Masses -a case is presented as to why not one Mass is in this mode. Completely canonic L'homme armé Masses are scrutinised, showing how composers avoided a problem encountered in anonymous Naples VI, where the comes at the subdiapente dictated the mode of the Mass. Josquin's F Ionian setting is investigated, then Compere's and Obrecht's E Phrygian readings and finally the D Dorian deliveries of Regis, Pipelare and La Rue

BLOOD MEAL TAKING OF SOME HORSE FLIES SPECIES (DIPTERA, TABANIDAE) ON HORSES (EQUUS CABALLUS)

Istraživanje mjesta uzimanja krvnih obroka obada na konjima, obavljeno je tijekom 1993. godine na pašnjaku u Petrijevcima CR 05. Lovnom mrežicom na konjima uhvaćeno je 2010 jedinki. Sve uhvaćene jedinke su ženke. U sakupljenom uzorku utvrđeno je 26 vrsta obada od kojih su Haematopota bigoti i Hybomitra ucrainica nove u fauni Hrvatske. Obadi su svrstani u potporodice Chrysopsinae i Tabaninae, te rodove Chrysops, Arylotus, Hybomitra, Tabanus, Heptatoma i Haematopota. Dokazano je X² (Hi - kvadrat) testom da vrste Haematopota subcylindrica, Haematoppota pluvialis, Chrysops parallelogrammus, Hybomitra ciureai, Tabanus bromius i Tabanus autumnalis signifikantno razlikuju pojedine dijelove tijela konja pri uzimanju krvnih obroka, jer se na taj način smanjuje kompeticija među vrstama.The research of the horse flies blood meal taking location, the pasture in the village Petrijevci CR 05, took place in 1993. With the help of the net there were collected 2010 specimens, all of which were female. In the collected sample we established 26 species two of which Haematopota bigoti and Hybomitra ucrainica were new for Croatia. Horse flies to belong subfamily Chrysopsinae and Tabanidae, and genera Chrysops, Atylotus, Hybomitra, Tabanus, Heptatoma and Haematopota. X² test demonstrated that species Haematopota subcylindrica, Hameatopota pluvialis, Chrysops parallelogrammus, Hybomitra ciureai, Tabanus bromius and Tabanus autumnalis significantly distinguish between certain parts of the horse while taking their blood meal. In that way is diminished the competitive relationship between some species

A National Population-Based E-cohort of People with Psychosis (PsyCymru) Linkage of Phenotypical and Genetic Data to Routinely Collected Records

Introduction PsyCymru was established to investigate the feasibility of linking a prospectively ascertained, well characterised (linked clinical cohort) of people with psychosis in Wales, UK with large amounts of anonymised routinely collected health record data. We are now additionally linking genetic data. Objectives and Approach PsyCymru aimed to create a research platform for psychosis research in Wales by establishing two cohorts. The first was a well-characterised clinically assessed cohort with genetic data. Consented individuals underwent structured interviews using well-validated questionnaires and gave blood sample for DNA extraction, sequencing, and candidate gene identification. This data was then linked to routinely collected health and social datasets with identity encryption. The second is a larger e-cohort of prevalent psychosis cases created using a validated algorithm applied to anonymised routine data. Both cohorts were tracked prospectively and retrospectively in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. Results In total, data from 958 individuals for the clinical cohort were imported to SAIL. Among these individuals, genetic data for 740 were analysed. The genetic data included robust loci for schizophrenia, pathogenic copy-number variations (CNVs) for various conditions (e.g., autism, intellectual disability, congenital malformations), polygenic risks scores for schizophrenia, as well as pathogenic/non-pathogenic duplications or deletions of chromosome spanning more than 500kb or 1Mb. For the e-cohort, 29,797 individuals were found having a psychosis diagnosis from primary and secondary care between 2004 to 2013. Social demographic data for both cohorts were also analysed based on sex, age, area deprivation, urbanicity, and employment status. Conclusion/Implications This unique platform pooled data together from multiple sources; linking clinical, psychological, biological, genetic, and health care factors to address assorted research questions. This resource will continue to expand over the coming years in size, breadth and depth of data, with continued recruitment and additional measures planned

Premature Mortality among People with Severe Mental Illness – New Evidence from Linked Primary Care Data

Introduction Studies assessing premature mortality in people with severe mental illness (SMI) are often based in one setting, hospital (secondary care inpatients and/or outpatients) or community (primary care). This may lead to ascertainment bias. Objectives and Approach This study aimed to estimate standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with SMI drawn from linked primary and secondary care populations compared to the general population. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using the indirect method for a United Kingdom population of almost four million between 2004-2013. Results The all-cause SMR was higher in the cohort identified from secondary care hospital admissions (SMR: 2.9; 95% CI: 2.8-3.0) than from primary care (SMR: 2.2; 95% CI: 2.1-2.3) when compared to the general population. The SMR for the combined cohort was 2.6 (95% CI: 2.5-2.6). Solely hospital admission based studies may somewhat over-estimate premature mortality in those with SMI. However, there is no doubt this remains a major health inequality. Cause specific SMRs in the combined cohort were particularly elevated in those with SMI relative to the general population for ill-defined and unknown causes, suicide, and substance abuse, as well as a number of other causes. Conclusion/Implications The ability to combine cohorts electronically from primary and secondary care is more representative of the whole population. Comprehensive characterisation of mortality is important to inform policy and practice and to discriminate settings to allow for proportionate interventions to address this health injustice

Marine Ecoregion and Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Affect Recruitment and Population Structure of a Salt Marsh Snail

Marine species with planktonic larvae often have high spatial and temporal variation in recruitment that leads to subsequent variation in the ecology of benthic adults. Using a combination of published and unpublished data, we compared the population structure of the salt marsh snail, Littoraria irrorata, between the South Atlantic Bight and the Gulf Coast of the United States to infer geographic differences in recruitment and to test the hypothesis that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill led to widespread recruitment failure of L. irrorata in Louisiana in 2010. Size-frequency distributions in both ecoregions were bimodal, with troughs in the distributions consistent with a transition from sub-adults to adults at ~13 mm in shell length as reported in the literature; however, adult snails reached larger sizes in the Gulf Coast. The ratio of sub-adults to adults was 1.5–2 times greater in the South Atlantic Bight than the Gulf Coast, consistent with higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight. Higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight could contribute to higher snail densities and reduced adult growth in this region. The ratio of sub-adults to adults in Louisiana was lower in 2011 than in previous years, and began to recover in 2012–2014, consistent with widespread recruitment failure in 2010, when large expanses of spilled oil were present in coastal waters. Our results reveal an important difference in the ecology of a key salt marsh invertebrate between the two ecoregions, and also suggest that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill may have caused widespread recruitment failure in this species and perhaps others with similar planktonic larval stages

Premature mortality among people with severe mental illness — New evidence from linked primary care data

Studies assessing premature mortality in people with severe mental illness (SMI) are usually based in one setting, hospital (secondary care inpatients and/or outpatients) or community (primary care). This may lead to ascertainment bias. This study aimed to estimate standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with SMI drawn from linked primary and secondary care populations compared to the general population. SMRs were calculated using the indirect method for a United Kingdom population of almost four million between 2004-2013. The all-cause SMR was higher in the cohort identified from secondary care hospital admissions (SMR: 2.9; 95% CI: 2.8-3.0) than from primary care (SMR: 2.2; 95% CI: 2.1-2.3) when compared to the general population. The SMR for the combined cohort was 2.6 (95% CI: 2.5-2.6). Cause specific SMRs in the combined cohort were particularly elevated in those with SMI relative to the general population for ill-defined and unknown causes, suicide, substance abuse, Parkinson’s disease, accidents, dementia, infections and respiratory disorders (particularly pneumonia), and Alzheimer’s disease. Solely hospital admission based studies, which have dominated the literature hitherto, somewhat over-estimate premature mortality in those with SMI. People with SMI are more likely to die by ill-defined and unknown causes, suicide and other less common and often under-reported causes. Comprehensive characterisation of mortality is important to inform policy and practice and to discriminate settings to allow for proportionate interventions to address this health injustice

The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 6.0/6.1 and JULES Global Land 6.0/6.1 configurations

We describe Global Atmosphere 6.0 and Global Land 6.0: the latest science configurations of the Met Office Unified Model and JULES land surface model developed for use across all timescales. Global Atmosphere 6.0 includes the ENDGame dynamical core, which significantly increases mid-latitude variability improving a known model bias. Alongside developments of the model’s physical parametrisations, ENDGame also increases variability in the tropics, which leads to an improved representation of tropical cyclones and other tropical phenomena. Further developments of the atmospheric and land surface parametrisations improve other aspects of model performance, including the forecasting of surface weather phenomena. We also describe Global Atmosphere 6.1 and Global Land 6.1, which include a small number of long-standing differences from our main trunk configurations that we continue to require for operational global weather prediction. Since July 2014, GA6.1/GL6.1 has been used by the Met Office for operational global NWP, whilst GA6.0/GL6.0 was implemented in its remaining global prediction systems over the following year

Impact of schizophrenia genetic liability on the association between schizophrenia and physical illness: a data linkage study

Background Individuals with schizophrenia are at higher risk of physical illnesses, which are a major contributor to their 20-year reduced life expectancy. It is currently unknown what causes the increased risk of physical illness in schizophrenia. Aims To link genetic data from a clinically ascertained sample of individuals with schizophrenia to anonymised NHS records. To assess (i) rates of physical illness in those with schizophrenia, and (ii) whether physical illness in schizophrenia is associated with genetic liability. Method We linked genetic data from a clinically ascertained sample of individuals with schizophrenia (CardiffCOGS, n=896) to anonymised NHS records held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. Physical illnesses were defined from the General Practice Database and Patient Episode Database for Wales. Genetic liability for schizophrenia was indexed by (i) rare CNVs, and (ii) polygenic risk scores. Results Individuals with schizophrenia in SAIL had increased rates of epilepsy (standardised rate ratio (SRR)=5.34), intellectual disability (SRR=3.11), type 2 diabetes (SRR=2.45), congenital disorders (SRR=1.77), ischaemic heart disease (SRR=1.57) and smoking (SRR=1.44) in comparison to the general SAIL population. In those with schizophrenia, carrier status for schizophrenia-associated CNVs and neurodevelopmental disorderassociated CNVs was associated with height (P=0.015–0.017), with carriers being 7.5– 7.7cm shorter than non-carriers. We did not find evidence that the increased rates of poor physical health outcomes in schizophrenia are associated with genetic liability for the disorder. Conclusions This study demonstrates the value of and potential for linking genetic data from clinically ascertained research studies to anonymised health records. The increased ris

The Genetic Links to anxiety and depression (GLAD) study: Online recruitment into the largest recontactable study of depression and anxiety

Background: Anxiety and depression are common, debilitating and costly. These disorders are influenced by multiple risk factors, from genes to psychological vulnerabilities and environmental stressors, but research is hampered by a lack of sufficiently large comprehensive studies. We are recruiting 40,000 individuals with lifetime depression or anxiety and broad assessment of risks to facilitate future research. Methods: The Genetic Links to Anxiety and Depression (GLAD) Study (www.gladstudy.org.uk) recruits individuals with depression or anxiety into the NIHR Mental Health BioResource. Participants invited to join the study (via media campaigns) provide demographic, environmental and genetic data, and consent for medical record linkage and recontact. Results: Online recruitment was effective; 42,531 participants consented and 27,776 completed the questionnaire by end of July 2019. Participants’ questionnaire data identified very high rates of recurrent depression, severe anxiety, and comorbidity. Participants reported high rates of treatment receipt. The age profile of the sample is biased toward young adults, with higher recruitment of females and the more educated, especially at younger ages. Discussion: This paper describes the study methodology and descriptive data for GLAD, which represents a large, recontactable resource that will enable future research into risks, outcomes, and treatment for anxiety and depression